Conflict Management Styles - 1081 Words

Conflict Management Styles Myron Harris 09/30/2012 CJA/444 Allen Cole Conflict Management Styles Conflict usually occurs when individuals within a group or organization has differences in opinions. When individuals are in a disagreement about something like policies and procedures or even the overall direction of which an organization or company is heading it can become very frustrating. As we all know conflict the process of conflict usually begins when an individual or party has perceived the other part and it has showed a negative impact or will affect something that another party cares about. According to the readings in Chapter 15 the early approach of conflict saw that all conflict was labeled to be bad. Conflict then had a†¦show more content†¦The Supervisor over our department does not handle conflict well and he tries to avoid any altercations at all costs. With me being next in line he will usually push things of this nature off for me to handle. I often deal with the situations by bringing the employees into the office to see what the problem is in forms of communication and what caused the problem to begin with. I have tried to encourage my Supervisor to deal with situations in the future before they occur and he has taken steps on his own to deal with situations where he sense conflict. He can actually sense when there is a lack of communication and conflict is about to arise so he stops it before it starts by bringing both individuals into the office to try and get to the root of the problem before something major happens. This same occurrence can happen between male and female management personnel that can’t seem to see eye to eye and have issues that lead to conflict. According to (Conflict Management Modes and Leadership Styles) â€Å"most individual characteristics have an impact on the instruments analyzed, for example: younger managers are more task-oriented, while older managers are typically relationship- oriented and avoid conflicts, women are more collaborative and avoid conflicts less and men tend to use the accommodating mode more than women. â€Å"Rather surprisingly, according to our survey, women appear to be moreShow MoreRelatedConflict Of Conflict Management Styles1690 Words   |  7 PagesMany people do their best to avoid conflict at all costs, but it is an occurrence that everyone must deal with from time to time. Understandable, the avoidance of conflict is glamorous, however learning how to handle the conflicts can make them seem less bothersome. Learning how to manage c onflict is a key factor in becoming a manager and the execution of that learning can be very different from manager to manager. Shanker (2013) describes conflict management styles as an equation involving the dispositionRead MoreWorkplace Conflicts And Conflict Management Styles2734 Words   |  11 Pages Workplace Conflicts and Conflict Management Styles Greg Jefia MBA 5213 Dr. Edwards December 12, 2014 â€Æ' Introduction Conflicts in the workplace and interpersonal relationship are inevitable. Organizational conflict is common in the workplace because people always have divergent views on various issues, interests, ideologies, goals, and aspirations (Deutsch, 1990). Conflict exists in all kinds of environments because people compete for power, jobs, resources, security and recognition. People whoRead More conflict management styles Essay559 Words   |  3 PagesConflict Management Styles nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;How many people have conflicts with there parents? This is not a uncommon thing for young adults to show conflict with their parents. Conflicts are something that occur very often and it seems as though young adults have lots of conflicts with their parents. Some young adults feel as though, if they are eighteen, nineteen, or twenty that they are able to make their own decisions. Whether it be staying out pastRead MoreConflict Management Style With Others1444 Words   |  6 PagesConflict Management Style When considering your conflict management style with others, be it; personal or professional, we tend to use the style that seems appropriate to the conflict. Managing conflict is a difficult task that we all face during our life time, but becoming aware of your own characteristic style could help determine why conflicts result exactly the way they do. It helps determine what is a healthy outcome, or not? Each circumstance is different! Interpersonal conflict is veryRead MoreConflict Management : The Styles And Outcomes Of Managing Conflict1541 Words   |  7 PagesConflict Management: The Styles and Outcomes of Managing Conflict in Modern Society Corbin Metz University of Oklahoma Communication is an obligatory aspect for the existence of human life. In our society today, conflict is managed through various styles, some leading to more positive outcomes than others. Although many people attempt to not confront conflict and rather avoid the issue, which may cause it to worsen, it is an aspect that every person willRead MoreConflict Management Styles Among Corporate Executives1161 Words   |  5 Pagesprevious researchers’ efforts and expertise. A potential research study on â€Å"Conflict Management Styles among Corporate Executives in Developing Countries – Nigeria a Case Study† is considered for a signature assignment. Conflict is inevitable and exists everywhere. In organizational system, conflict and methods of conflict management influences different groups (employees, management team and executives). Conflicts are realities of life and can be defined as a â€Å"situation of competition in whichRead MoreConflict Management Styles Among Corporate Executives1161 Words   |  5 Pagesprevious researchers’ efforts and expertise. A potential research study on â€Å"Conflict Management Styles among Corporate Executives in Developing Countries – Nigeria a Case Study† is considered for a signature assignment. Conflict is inevitable and exists everywhere. In organizational system, conflict and methods of conflict management influences different groups (employees, management team and executives). Conflicts are realities of life and can be defined as a â€Å"situation of competition in whichRead MoreConflict Management Styles At The Individual And Little Gathering Level961 Words   |  4 Pagesunasked and unanswered: Is there any confirmation that conflict cultures exist at the authoritative level? How do such unmistakable conflict cultures create? How do leaders shape the advancement of conflict cultures? What are the results of conflict cultures for authoritative level results? Answers to these inquiries can t be found in the psychological literature on conflict, which has for the most part centered around conflict management styles at the individual and little gathering level. In thisRead MoreConflict Between Conflict Management Styles885 Words   |  4 PagesConflict Conflict is defined as â€Å"a struggle or contest between people with opposing needs, ideas, beliefs, values or goals† (Popovic and Hocenski, 2009, p. 15). As a manager or leader, you take on the responsibility as a problem solver. Thus,  knowing how to resolve a conflict that respect each individual that is involved shows the ability to deal with conflict. Conflict management styles is being able to manage conflict in a functional manner (Satterlee, 2013).   Ã‚  According to Satterlee (2013) theRead MoreEssay on Conflict Management Styles 1166 Words   |  5 PagesConflict is known to be inseparable in all human interactions. In any organization, role differentiation acquires the different uses of conflict handling styles. Work direction, reward, supervision, discipline and performance review also involve the use of conflict handling styles. Organizational change and control is also viewed from a conflict perspective. In attempts to explain the nature or dynamics of a particular organizational phenomenon, conflict may be incorporated as a causal factor (Brown

Comparison of 2 Ethnic Groups - 1160 Words

Lilly Eng 112 - 005 May 9, 2007 Name two ethnic or cultural groups other than African Americans and Jews that have made stellar contributions to the development of the united states. List at least ten achievers from each group, and try to form intergroup pairs as Cornel West does in his essay. Also compare and contrast the groups as a whole and share your overall perspective on their achievements. Asian Americans and Native Americans Our America is so diverse that it is very difficult to single out any one ethnicity and their contributions to our country. The Native Americans and Asian culture are so different, yet the similarities in their significant addition to our country is so remarkable. From the Native†¦show more content†¦While the Japanese were judged pre-war, the Native Americans were judged post-war. Some tribes gave the war veterans a heros welcome, while other tribes insisted that members of their tribe returning from war be cleansed prior to having contact with other tribal members. The sacri fices that these two groups made for America during World War II is very significant and should be appreciated in todays society. Another way that these two groups have contributed is through inventions that we have used in the past and in the present. A Japanese man by the name of Mamofuko Ando invented the first instant noodles and what we know as cup ‘o noodles today, while chocolate was first drank as hot chocolate and made into this delicious treat by a Native American tribe known as the Mayans. Inoue Daisuke has entertained us for recent years with his invention of the karaoke machine while the game of basketball was invented over three thousand years ago by the olmec tribe followed by their invention of the rubber ball. Hockey is another past time invented by American Indians that is based on a game known as shinny. The Native American tribe known as the Moche invented electricity by chemical means somewhere between 200 B.C and 600 A.D which has made Dr. YoshiroShow MoreR elatedAnalysis Of Dana Mastros Article Why The Medias Role On Issues Of Race And Ethnicity1045 Words   |  5 Pagesthat Dana Mastro’s 2015 article titled ‘Why the Media’s Role in Issues of Race and Ethnicity Should be in the Spotlight’ makes an important contribution to our understanding of the media’s role in the construction of perceptions of racial and ethnic groups and how these perceptions effect the social position of the people that they are about .This is largely because the media plays a huge role in an individual’s daily lives and it is very difficult to avoid its influence, at least partly, due toRead MoreThe Importance Of Genetic Uses For Type 2 Diabetes730 Words   |  3 Pagesgenetic factors play an important role in predisposing an individual for type 2 diabetes, of which now 70 or more genetic variants have been associated (Ali,2013) from GWAS studies yet type-2-diabetes genetic risk has limited genes of major effect. Thus , the search for genes contributing to the risk of T2D has been difficult, and the genes themselves have been elusive. A range of genome-wide association scans for type 2 diabetes have been published which show hundreds of thousands of single-nucleotideRead MoreTeh Handicap of Definition by William Raspberry Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesHandicap of Definition† William Raspberry emphasizes the stereotype of what it means to be Black. Raspberry uses many beliefs that has taken a toll on African Americans on the definition of being Black. Raspberry uses many comparisons to compare blacks to whites and other ethnics. He begins off by using basketball as an example. Raspberry quotes, â€Å"If a basketball fan says that Boston Celtics’ Larry Bird plays black the fan intends it and Bird probably accepts it as a compliment†(543). He also emphasizesRead More7. . . In Conjugated Oppression: Class And Ethnicity Among1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe author stated: â€Å"eth nicity†¦is just as much a material social process as is class because it structures political alliances and determines patterns of upward mobility in as real a manner as does  ¨control of the means of production ¨Ã¢â‚¬ [footnoteRef:2] [2: Bourgois, Philippe. 1988. Conjugated Oppression: Class and Ethnicity among Guaymi and Kuna.( American Ethnologist 328-348), 329-330. ] Under this idea, Bourgois seeks an ideal example of such a relationship between class and ethnicity. To doRead MoreEssay about Race and Ethnicity in Social Sciences877 Words   |  4 Pagesprocess of categorisation. ‘Racial’ or ‘Ethnic’ identifications are produced as part of a social process, which is dynamic and changing. Therefore we know that identities are not static and terms such as ‘race’ and ‘ethnicity’ cannot cover the changing categories without being dynamic terms themselves. The use of quotation marks with these terms is adopted to emphasise that the terms are broad terms and aim to avoid discrimination or misrepresentation of groups under the umbrella term. ‘Race’ isRead MoreMalaysias International Relations Essay956 Words   |  4 Pagesaccrual while maintaining state legitimacy in a multi-ethnic context. Therefore the term international relations can be describe in various dimensions such as political economy that basically looking into way of discovering how politics generates power over economics as well as associate. On the other hand international political economy is resource, which demonstrates the ability of national authority. Moreover political resources in comparison with Malaysia are said to be an instruments of nation-statesRead More1.2.3 Bone Detectives1718 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals. You will analyze features of bone to determine as much as you can about each person’s gender, ethnic origin, age and height. Once you have completed your tasks, you will prepare your findings in a detailed report to the police department. Equipment Computer with Internet access Laboratory journal Career journal Ward’s Sherlock Bones: Identification of Skeletal Remains Kit (2) Protractor Metric ruler Calipers (large and small) Skeletal remains- skull, pelvis, humerus and femur or tibiaRead MoreEthnic Identity And Racial Identity866 Words   |  4 PagesEthnic identity remains one of the most extensively studied topics in the social sciences. The book â€Å"Studying Ethnic Identity† provides insight into the dynamic process that goes into the formation of ethnic-racial identity by psychological researchers. Ethnic and racial identity is a subject that is important to study because it has been associated with positive well-being, psychological distress, and academic attitudes (Rivas-Drake, Syed, et al, 2014; Smith Silva, 2011). Past research has triedRead MoreEssay about Health Promotion in American Indian and Native Alaskan1161 Words   |  5 Pagespeople within the selected group that live off the grid, which makes means for proper healthcare almost none existent. Traditional health remedies within this group also makes seeking out modern medicine a non-likely occurrence. Because of these barrie rs, the current health status of the described group is fair to poor with a high instance of very poor within the elder populations. Irene Vernon, a professor at Colorado State University states, â€Å"We are the sickest racial, ethnic population in the UnitedRead MoreThe Perceptions Of College Students About Interracial Relationships1169 Words   |  5 Pagescontrol group was given our scenarios involving couples of their own race. There were eight same race scenarios, four being for each ethnic group (African Americans and Anglos), included. The respondents were the same race/ethnicity as the subjects presented in the scenarios, which is consistent with the instruments design. The experimental group was given four interracially romantic scenarios. The effects of ethnicity, age, gender and education level were examined within the experimental group; both

Issues in cloud computing Free Essays

The purpose of assignments Is be able to understand the various advantages and Issues of cloud computing. Research and analyses whether or not cloud computing Is the way forward for the chosen organization. Company of choice The type of company selected here is Higher Educationalists. We will write a custom essay sample on Issues in cloud computing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Higher Educationlnstituteprovides its services in different location through its branches. It may have thousands of students and staff and has lot of sensitive data e. G. Student staffs information, lectures notes and books, student’s private and personal details. Higher Education Institutions financial status, its own business Lana and strategy and so on. While moving to the cloud, Higher Education Institute may face lot of issues like legal issues, ethical issues environmental issues, security issues and so on. This assignment triesprovldingprofesslonal solution to address these mentioned Issues. Introduction Cloud computing Is a style of computing where scalable and elastic IT-enabled capableness are provided ‘ as a services’ to multiple external customers using internet technologies[l]. In simple terms , cloud computing enables business of all sizes to quickly procure and use a wide range of enterprise-class IT systems on a pay per-use basis from anywhere at any time. Cloud computing services are divided into three classes, according to the abstraction level of the capability provided and the service model of providers. Namely (1) infrastructure as a service, (2) platform as a service, (3) Software as a Service and there are different types of cloud depending upon the network it cover they are (1) Public clouds, (2) Private Clouds (3) community clouds and (4) hybrid cloud. Each types of cloud and services provision has own characteristics, benefits and challenges and suits deferent business models and purposes however, all have similar legal Issues to consider. L] Benefits If Higher Education Institutes anticipating a huge upswing in computing need (or evening Education Institute surprised bay sudden demand), cloud computing can help institute to manage. Rather than having to buy,install, and configure new equipment,eliminates can buy additional CPU cycles or storage from third party. Since Institutions are based on consumption. Indians does not have to deal with unneeded equipment. Institute simply add or subtract based on its need. [ 1] Again, not having to buy and configure new equipment allows Institute and IT staff to eyesight to business. The cloud solution makes it possible to get application stereotypically, and It costs a fraction of what It would cost to implement an on- site solution. [ 3] The managerial and strategic level employer no needs to physically attend the Institute’s site to get information. They can get Information from anywhere, which help to Increase the productivity of Institute [ 2] Legal issues: As moving tighter Distastefulness’s data to the cloud, Outshoot need to comply with Data Protection act 1988. The eight principle of Data Protection act are (1) Data should be fearfully and carefully processed. 2) Data should be processed for the specified purpose(3) The data collected should be adequate, relevant and not excessive. (4)The data should be up to date. (5) The data cannot be kept no longer than necessary. (6)The data should be processed in accordance with the individual rights. (7)The data should be kept Securely. 8)The data cannot be transferred and stored outside the European Economic Area (EYE)without adequate protection. [6] The Higher Educationlnstituteshould ensure that Cloud Service Provider has kept the data securely in order to preventatives unlawful processing, stolen, against accidental cost and damage. So while choosing the overnighter Educa tionlnstituteshould know how the cloud companies handles the personal and sensitive data. Higher Educationalists should need to consider whether or not the level of security which would be provided by Cloud Company will meet the both requirement of Higher Declassification’s Data Protection Act. 6] The Data Protection Act clearly mentioned that personality should not be moved or transferred outside the European Economic Area unless there is an adequate leveler protection. Cloud provider might not always store the data in European Economic Arabesques to establish and maintain the data centre outside the European Economic Area might be cheap. Storing data outside the European Economic Area breaches the Data Protection Act. Compliance may beached busing EX. approved contract terms with cloud provider. [3] All the public authorities in the I-J have legal responsibilities to comply with Freedom of Information Act 2000. If Higher Educationlnstituteholds the information and if any request is made to the Higher Educationalists fortification then,Higher Educationalists should provide thrusters information to the requester within the 20 days. If suppose, by some reasons cloud computing server is failed and Higher Educationlnstitutecannot able to access its stored information from the cloud then Higher Educationlnstitutewill face the problem. So while choosing the cloud computing service provider, it is necessary to assess their failure history of server, reputation, backup strategy and so on. 2] Intellectual property right are the right which is granted to owners of that intellectual creativity. Copyright, Patents,Database and Trademark are considered as Intellectual property. Generally, copyright protects and prevents the owner’s work from copying ND reproducing. Copyright can be obtained on for example computer software program, textbook, film,teaching and research material and so on. [6] Highe r Education Institute has also lot of intellectual property which need to be protected. The Higher Education Institute has the right to control its intellectual properties copyright, design and patents act (1988) necessarily in migration to the cloud. [6] Similarly, database right is another right which falls under intellectual property. It prevents the database from extraction, reuse of all or substantial part of the database without impressionists. 6]Higher Education Institute should prevent its own database example pay roll database, steadfastness and the database which is created by teacher or students for the learning purpose. Patent is the right to the owner which prevents others from making, using, manufacturing and selling the invented products and process without owner permission. Patents are only effective in the country where the right is granted. If the patents have been registered in the European Patents Office then it is protected in the whole Europe. [6] while moving to the cloud computing , It raises particular intellectual property right issue for Higher Education Institute to include before to confirming the conditions of their cloud computing provision. The issue may arise are 🙠 1) they may have access to information belonging to Institute. 2) The location of information where they kept is not fixed. This issue makes tighter Education Institute difficult for its intellectual property right compliance. [3] Annexation regarding above issue: software license may be location specific . Minored to safe guard to the resources, the Institute might have done the agreement with publisher throu gh educational resource licenses and his agreement may only allow to access electronic resources or storage of digital material by registered users( staff and students ) through particular local server only. So while moving to the cloud, problem would be, the cloud provider mischance’s threescore and they are not location specific. So agreements with resource supplier regarding access and location should be addressed Institute’s contract with cloud provider and the cloud provider also need to prevents to get access and need to prevent any unwanted and unlawful usage of licensed resources[4] As moving to the cloud adequately act 2010 places legal obligation to he Institute. Utilities need to make sure that all the students with disability have equal access of information. As moving the cloud Institute should check that the means of service provision will not adversely impact accessibility. [4] Environmental issue As moving to the cloud the Institute can contributes to lower the carbon foot prints. According to the [7]by adopting the cloud computing, the consumption of energy by data centre could be reduced by thirty eight percentage by the year 2020. And such reduction on energy will reduces twenty eight percentages greenhouse gas emissions. Research also found that the smaller organization will contribute largeness’s ninety percentages to reduce the carbon foot print. Whereas, bacteriologists reduces carbon foot print by thirty percentages. [7] Decanter are designed on echo friendly nature which use low suffer fuels to reduce emission from backup generators. These energetically lighting technology. Most of the staff in the cloud service provider is Depositional and they concern on designing and building an echo friendly product where as Higher Education Institute whose primary focus is to provide quality education and earning profit by increasing the number of detent. Decanter provides the infrastructure only when it is needed . T maximize the efficiency and utilization of server by sharing same server for different cloud. [7] Ethics and ProfessionalResponsibility: All the informational infrastructure that used to be stored locally stored to the third party animadversion cannot be directly control its data. Lost of direct control sometime gives the problem. If something happen on the data at the cloud. For example unauthorized access of data or fa ilure in Infrastructure,eliminates cannot do anything because it is difficult to know who caused the problem. Dud service provider usually make the infrastructure by aggregating the systems and each system may owned by other company and if something goes wrong in such complex system then it is difficult to decide who has caused the problem. The data which is stored in the cloud some time used for some other purpose. For example biometric data of student which is collected for student attendance purpose, that data might be used for the criminal investigation purpose. Keeping identification to the cloud, it can feel that cloudscape provider would seem to be responsible for the data and have control over it. There might be issue of trust potentialities and cloud computing service provider[4] There is loot of IT practitioners work in the cloud service provider. They are associates with some professional body example British Computer Society,Association for Computing Machinery, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and so on. There’s day to day practice and responsibilities has been defined by associated professional body. Professional people like Database administrator of the cloud service provider has the access to the client’s personal and sensitive data He is not allowed to disclose the client’s data to the third party. Professional body may take the disciplinary action fortress who breach the code of conduct. BCC broadly defined its code of conduct in four categories they are (1) duty to the public (2) duty to the relevant authority, (3) duty to the profession and (4) professional competence and integrity[5 ]similarly, IEEE and ACM has also code of conduct for its member which is almost similar to Thebes code of conduct. Recommendation and conclusion: It is institute responsibilities to compliance with the legal act. So, it is recommended to check the position of cloud provider’s security, data transfer and compliance tit EX. law. Penthouse applying the best efforts there may arises the dispute with cloud provider. It is recommended to choose the established cloud provider, find out theirs server location, asses suitability and agree which law applies. Identify the confidential material and find whether cloud is suitable for that data or not. Institutions should ensure that the contract terms with cloud providers reflect their legal obligations, responsibilities and the level of risk they are prepared to handle Penthouse there are lot of benefits in cloud computing, it is compulsory to aware of he ethical and legal issues and careful most be taken before agreeing any contract with cloud service provider. How to cite Issues in cloud computing, Papers

Critical Thinking to Culture and Technology Infrastructure

Question: Briefly outline/discuss the theoretical framework you have chosen discuss why your chosen framework is more appropriate for your essay rather than another framework (yes, outline briefly the other framework concepts as well) Argument = taking a viewpoint and justifying it. Answer: Introduction Incorporated in New York, General Electric (GE) is an American Based multinational conglomerate and has its headquarters in Fairfield, Connecticut. The company works in the form of several segments which are namely: Technology Infrastructure, Consumer and industrial. As per Fortune 500, in the year 2011 GE was ranked as the 26th largest firm in US in terms of gross revenue. Other than that as per that survey they were taken to be the 14th most profitable company in US. Taking further metrics into account, the company was listed fourth largest throughout the world on the list of Forbes Global 2000. Other than it has also received the honor to be the 7th largest in leaders for Fortune and 5th best global brand for Interbrand. Getting to the history of the company, the company was one of the 12 different companies listed in the Dow Jones Industrial Average in the year 1896 (Cox Blake, 1991). Since then and till now after 118 years, General Electric still remains to be one in the Dow in dex. Thomas Edison, in the year 1889, had business interests in companies related to electricity. Several companies like Edison Machine Works, Bergmann company and some other companies came up together to merge themselves together and made up to be under one corporation and formed the Edison General Electric Company. It got incorporated in the year 1889. During the same time companies like Charles Coffin, and Thomson Houston also came up to gain access and merged with the parent company. This merger was held in the year 1892 and General Electric was formed. General Electric with IBM (Schein, 1990), Honeywell, NCR, RCA as well as UNIVAC, became a major computer companies among the eight major companies in the year 1960. After 1962 they started developing GEDCOs operating system. GE recently ventured with and collaborated with Quirky and announced its connected bulb named link, which is basically designed to communicate with smartphones and tablets. Theoretical Framework Of late a lot of emphasis is being laid on Organizational cultures. There are broadly four major categories of organizational culture: the power culture, the role culture, the task culture, and the person or support culture. In 19742, Harrison came up with an extensive questionnaire format wherein he clearly compared and analyzed all the organizational cultures. The power culture has been explained as a spider web (Alvesson, 2012). With spider right at the centre and power centralized in the hands of few. In this type of culture dependence is on individuals. In such a kind of organisation, success is judged on the output, and not the means and values to attain he output. It is important for the employees to understand that they work in an environment which requires them to deliever work in the manner in which the boss at the centre is expecting them to act. In consideration to all dimensions of the national cultures and power distances which in a way reflect the range of basic questi ons on how to handle the fact that people are different. Harrisons Model of Culture The second type is the role culture. Where each column has a different role or responsibility and even if any individual leaves, that pillar will still represent the task which will now be handled by yet another person (Cascio McEvoy, 1992). Then, there also exists-task culture in various organisations. These types of organizations generally employ people to finish a certain project. Task culture is compared to a net. In a net, strands can be of varying thickness but the intersection points are strong. Similarly, such organizations believe in fulfilling certain similar tasks. Team-work is the buzz word in such types of organizations. Lastly, we have a person culture in orgaisations. This is quite a rare sort of an organizational structure as the individuals are the focal points. This sort of a culture normally cannot be adopted practically by the companies as companies are the brain child of a person or group of people who have certain interests and these interests will definitely be over and above the interest of various people working (Marquardt, 1996). Now Harrisons theory of comparison of various types of organizational cultures is of utmost importance as it compares. It lets an employee actually make out the organization type he or she is working for and thereby understand whether he or she will be able to adjust to the working requirements or not. Discussion With their former CEO, Jack Welch, the skills that were most admired and homed were cracking the deal, cost cutting and efficiency. The new CEO, Jeff Immelt has introduced a new system whereby he emphasizes not just on new deals and profit. But also on creativity. While applying to his new ideas, Jeff Immelt is continuously bringing a change in long practiced beliefs of GE. He is introducing outsiders into high ranks this is quite a big change from the past. Earlier the policy was to promote only from within the organistaion (Deshpande Webster, 1989). GE has applied this changed belief system in various other nations like China. Like for instance in the recent past, it has hired more than 1,700 new employees for a more global workforce. The most famous among such arrangements was proposed by Hofstede who led exploration among IBM laborers from diverse nations. He distinguished five measurements: independence/communalism, force separation, manliness/womanliness, instability evasion and long haul introduction. Among these measurements there is one particularly connected with relations in the middle of chiefs and representatives, it is the force separation. As per Hofstede's definition, the force separation is joined with the social acknowledgement of unequal conveyance of the force. This disparity can be associated with esteem, riches and influence. The level of the force separation depicts "how the way of life endures and cultivates pecking requests, and how effectively parts attempt diminish them" (George, Jones Sharbrough, 1996). The high power separation social orders are portrayed by the resilience for disparity and the parts of such social orders concur that power ought to be unequally imparted. The individuals with higher social position acquire various benefits and it is considered as something right and characteristic. The low power separation social orders are those in which disparity is less endured. The benefits joined with the position are not effortlessly acknowledged. In the way of life with low power remove the freedom is more esteemed then the similarity. This report concentrates on the impact of the nation of origin culture in undertakings with remote capital working in Poland (Martin Nakayama, 2007). The principal objective of this paper is to clarify diverse contrasts in inward relations in the middle of directors and workforce, which incorporate level correspondence and workers' support, which are brought about by the level of force separation. The second objective is to demonstrate the level of execution of society limited practices in aforementioned territories in the host nation. In writing one can discover a few studies proposing arrangements of the way of life measurements. The most famous among such arrangements was proposed by Hofstede who led exploration among IBM laborers from diverse nations. He distinguished five measurements: independence/communalism, force separation, manliness/womanliness, instability evasion and long haul introduction (Wang Ahmed, 2003). Among these measurements there is one particularly connected with relations in the middle of chiefs and representatives, it is the force separation. As per Hofstede's definition, the force separation is joined with the social acknowledgement of unequal conveyance of the force. This disparity can be associated with esteem, riches and influence. The level of the force separation depicts "how the way of life endures and cultivates pecking requests, and how effectively parts attempt diminish them". The high power separation social orders are portrayed by the resilience for disparity and the parts of such social orders concur that power ought to be unequally imparted. The individuals with higher social position acquire various benefits and it is considered as something right and characteristic (Martins Terblanche, 2003). The low power separation social orders are those in which disparity is less endured. The benefits joined with the position are not effortlessly acknowledged. In the way of life with low power remove the freedom is more esteemed then the similarity. The consequences of examination focused around two nations, France as well as Sweden are introduced in this report. The fundamental part of lower level administration is to give counsel to top chiefs and not to oversee or to take choice all alone. Disregarding the high power remove in the French undertakings the relations between the chiefs and their subordinates are exceptionally solid. The director deals with the subordinates along with their private life yet these types of relations are considered formal and not benevolent (Knight Trowler, 2000). Top supervisors are considered as an extremely exceptional persons with high power. Their contacts with representatives from lower levels are constrained and extremely uncommon. Much of the time the interior correspondence in French endeavors is level and extremely formal High progressive structure brings about abhorrence for passing the data and enabling the subordinates. A standout amongst the most underlined attributes of the Swedish administration is abnormal state worker interest. They have high self-rule and the worker contribution is considered as an imperative component. The administrators give just general proposals, and the control is restricted to urge representatives to take singular motivating force, which is associated with the abnormal state of independence and inclination to stay away from clashes (Trompenaars Hampden-Turner, 1998). Moreover, the Swedish administration is portrayed by a substantial number of data went to a worker. The inner correspondence is thought to be essential and, in understanding to low power separation, is immediate. Mulling over the bearings of the force separation measurement impact on relations in the middle of administrators and workers and the practices here in ventures working in Sweden and France the three theories, the positive check of which affirms home-nation society impact, are made (Laughlin, 1987). While contrasting the relations in the middle of administrator s and workers in Swedish and French undertakings and to discover to what degree the distinctions are created by the nation of origin society. Furthermore the practices here are dissected to demonstrate the level of ampleness to the Polish society and desires of Polish representatives. The decision of the nations was controlled by the distinctions in society in the measurement of force separation, bringing about picking France and Sweden. The exploration was led among the remote undertakings working in Poland whose fundamental capital source was either French or Swedish as this empowered to analyze the worker relations in the nation of origin and in the host nation. Two Swedish assembling plants and two French assembling plants are inspected in the examination which was focused around meetings, documentation investigation, and polls (Tomlinson, 1991). The meetings were led essentially with the staff in charge of human asset administration (along with the fourth persons) as well as were focused on the examination of the parts of and the methods for correspondence in the middle of supervisors and workers and the techniques of representatives' strengthening. In the second piece of the examination the documentation associated with the interior correspondence was broke down, particularly perceive sheets and pamphlets. The main piece of the survey comprises of four inquiries went for looking at the workers' impression of relations between the administrator and the staff and the choice making methodology. Each one inquiry depicts two separate circumstances and respondents were solicited which from them is closer to the truth in their undertakings. The decision made was communicated on a five point scale (Cooke Rousseau, 1988). The second piece of the poll exhibits a set of three elements asking how those variables propel workers to function and how they are spoken to in the work place. The specimen comprises of 03 workers from two endeavors working in Poland with a capital offer from France. To lessen the differing qualities created by the distinctions associated with the position involved in ventures, the poll based exploration was restricted to the organization and generation representatives, barring directors. To begin with, the normal for every undertaking was figured, then the normal for the endeavors with French along with the Swedish capital (Jermier, 1998). The respondents partaking in the study of the undertakings with French capital surveyed that the force is focused around power associated with the position in progressive system as opposed to on capability in bigger degree than workers in ventures with Swedish capital. One of the greatest contrasts in reactions were associated with the inquiries regarding the benefits for the workers in a top positions in an authoritative progression. The exploration among the workers in the endeavors with Swedish capita l permits to express that in these undertakings there are less unique benefits for the representatives on top of the authoritative structure. The examination utilizing meeting likewise permits to express that in the Swedish endeavors the relations in the middle of administrators and workers are much more open. Particularly in one of them accentuation was on the imperativeness of the libertarianism in the relations inside the association (Detert, Schroeder Mauriel, 2000). In the endeavors along the French capital, less conceivable outcomes for direct contact between generation representatives and administrators than in the Swedish undertakings, are there. These results are in accordance with past expectations that if there are impacts of the nation of origin society, then Swedish ventures ought to be more populist and the separation between top-supervisors and workers ought to be little along with contacts which are more open (Deem Brehony, 2000). The aftereffects of the exploration led demonstrate that in French as well as Swedish ventures the inner correspondence is somewhat various leveled and in top-down bearing. In French undertaking a little number of data is exchanged to workers. Just the data joined with the generation pointers were routinely exchanged to workers amid unique gatherings or utilizing the notice sheets. In one of the endeavors the upward correspondence was acknowledged by the use of the unique box for the workers' recommendations and inquiries which are talked about amid week by week gatherings (De Witte Van Muijen, 1999). Furthermore there is a representative assessment study led consistently or even two. The Swedish ventures were more straightforward in the exchange of the data. The workers were educated about the circumstances in the endeavor, choices associated with their circumstance, and the arranged changes. There was an exertion taken to look into the workers' conclusion. Hence the overviews were led to analyze the representatives' feeling (for one situation utilizing SYMLOG survey, in an alternate corporate poll The aftereffects of the exploration demonstrates that, in the explored ventures, the practices associated with worker cooperation in choice making are steady with these of their nation of origin society. The distinctions in human asset administration practices and the worker's evaluation in the investigated ventures permitted to check emphatically two out of three postured speculations accepting that the nation of origin society has impact on relations in the middle of directors and representatives in the undertakings with the capital from the two countries, Sweden as well as France (Cameron Quinn, 2011). These results incite addresses about the impact of the exchange of the host practices to Poland. Are such practices suitable in Polish social foundation? How Polish representatives respond to them? Second piece of survey used to direct the overview among representatives served to answer all these inquiries. The consequences of the exploration demonstrate that on account of the scrutinized endeavors the level of the worker fulfillment from the relations in the middle of them and the supervisors and from the atmosphere in the working environment is higher in French ventures (lower co ntrasts in the middle of necessities and the current circumstance in undertakings). Just the cooperation in choice making was informed higher in Swedish than in French undertakings yet this component is likewise less esteemed by the representatives partaking in the overview (Weil Kincheloe, 2004). It can be clarified by the amount of force in the Polish society. As indicated by Hofstede the force separation list for a Polish society is 68. This proposes that the Polish culture in this measurement is more close to French instead of Swedish culture as well as Polish representatives who incline towards the adjustment of French practices which is more totalitarian administration style and is joined with it, littler cooperation in choice making. Conclusion We can reach two fundamental inferences from the exploration led. The principal and most evident ramifications rising up out of the exploration is, the ventures along with remote capital working in Poland and the subject of the examination in this report exchange to the host nation their own broadly different style of relationships with the supervisor along with the workforce, particularly joined with the contribution of the workers and the sort of their relationships with their subordinates (Evered Louis, 1981). A second conclusion ought to be taken under thought by an HR as well as particularly by experts chiefs working in the organizations with an outside capital offer. The exchange of practices from the nation of origin is more satisfactory by host nation's workers if the host nation society is closer to the nation of origin society. References: 1.Cox, T. H., Blake, S. (1991). Managing cultural diversity: Implications for organizational competitiveness.The Executive, 45-56. 2. Schein, E. H. (1990).Organizational culture(Vol. 45, No. 2, p. 109). American Psychological Association. 3. Alvesson, M. (2012).Understanding organizational culture. Sage. 4. Marquardt, M. J. (1996).Building the learning organization. McGraw-Hill Companies. 5. Cascio, W. F., McEvoy, G. (1992).Managing human resources: Productivity, quality of work life, profits(Vol. 2). McGraw-Hill. 6. Deshpande, R., Webster Jr, F. E. (1989). Organizational culture and marketing: defining the research agenda.The Journal of Marketing, 3-15. 7. George, J. M., Jones, G. R., Sharbrough, W. C. (1996).Understanding and managing organizational behavior. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 8. 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The Coming Of Age Essay Example For Students

The Coming Of Age Essay The Coming of AgeChildhood is a time where children learn about the world around themselves. They see and experience many factors that influence their everyday lives, which help them grow stronger when they become adults. In Girl; by Jamaica Kincaid and The Lesson; by Toni Cade Bambara the characters within the stories learn valuable lesson with help them grow to become better individuals. In The Lesson; the character of Sugar undergoes a realization that society does not treat everyone equally, that not every individual has the same opportunity and equality that they should have. In Girl; the main character learns that she must be perceived as a woman and not as a slut, her mother brings to her attention of how the world is and what she must to do in order to survive in it. Lessons that children learn all help them grow to become better individuals, in Girl; and The Lesson; the lessons that the characters learn both help them grow to become better and stronger individuals. We will write a custom essay on The Coming Of Age specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In The Lesson; the character, Sugar undergoes a realization of the world around her, through her teacher Miss Moore, Sugar notices that there is a better way of living in the world besides, her own little world with her friends. Sugar says, You know, Miss Moore, I dont think that all of us here put together eat in a year what that sailboat costs,; (Bambara 452). Miss Moore is an African American woman who has broken through the expectation that society has placed on her class and on her color. Bambara presents Miss Moore as a very educated and intelligent woman, who has a college degree. With her knowledge Miss Moore sets out to educate the deprived and lower classed children and teach them of the world around them. She sets out to open their eyes, as well as their knowledge of the world around them. Miss Moore says, Imagine for a minute what kind of society it is in which some people can spend on a toy what it would cost to feed a family of six or seven. What do you think?,; (Bambar a 452). Sugars realization of the world outside of her own, opens her mind to many questions that she never imagined before. She realizes that there is a better standard of living in the world and that society is not equal, as it should be, I think, . . . that this is not much of a democracy if you ask me. Equal chance to pursue happiness means an equal crack at the dough, dont it?,; (Bambara 452). In this quotation Sugar realizes what Miss Moore set out to teach the lower classed and deprived children, her goal was to open their eyes and make them aware of how much more there is out there then making pocket change. What kinda work they do and how they live and how come we aint in on it? Where we are is who we are, Miss Moore always pointin out. But it dont necessarily have to be that way, she always adds then waits for somebody to say that poor people have to wake up and demand their share of the pie and place,; (Bambara 452). With her eyes wide open and with her mind curious and e ducated, Sugar and her friends realize that in order for them to get some where in life they have to work at it, but not as in individual but as a whole, a class. The only way for them to make a difference to change societies view of their class and become part of the rest of societies. .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c , .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c .postImageUrl , .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c , .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c:hover , .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c:visited , .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c:active { border:0!important; } .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c:active , .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f90a0fee934908ef62260324455311c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kelli EssayIn Girl; Kincaid lists a series of orders from a mother to a daughter in such a way that the characters lives are illuminated and transformed by the mundane household details. The Girl; is more of a gender type of a story, but there is also a lesson that needs to be realized by the girl. In this story the mother of this girl is her teacher, she tells her daughter of how the world is around her, just like Miss Moore in The Lesson.; The mother in this story tries to make her daughter realize that he needs to be viewed as a woman within society. Who or what the daughter is on the inside can be for herself, but on the outside she cannot let her actions give and impr ession that she is a slut to society. The mother says, this is how you smile to someone you like completely; this is how you set a table for tea; . . . this is how to behave in the presence of men who dont know you very well, and this way they wont recognize immediately the slut I have warned you against becoming, . . .; (Kincaid 33). As this story progresses the mother lists various chores and behaviors she must do in order for her to remain a woman and not be viewed as a slut, be sure to wash everyday, . . . dont squat down to play marbles-you are not a boy, you know, . . .; (Kincaid 33). In this story the girl wishes to rebel against what her mother wishes for her to do, but she dose not wish to be viewed as a slut, if she doesnt do everything her mother has taught her. Mother says, this is how to make ends meet; always squeeze bread to make sure its fresh; but what is the baker wont let me feel the bread?; you mean to say that after all you are really going to be the kind of wom an who the baker wont let near the bread?,; (Kincaid 34). In this story an issue of gender arises, where a girl needs to be taught how to become a woman and not be viewed as a slut. The daughter in Girl; wants to rebel against her mother and not be viewed as a slut to society, therefore hoping that society will not look down upon her, if she does not do everything that the mother has taught her that she must do. In the stories of the Girl; and The Lesson; different lessons are learned, but the common realization of the world around them is learned by the characters and how each of the characters must learn to rebel against societies views. This realization helps them grow smarter and stronger as they grow older and come of age, from childhood to adulthood. Society has set standards for individuals to live by, but it is up to those individuals to break away, or live by the standards and views of society. It is not much of a democracy if you ask me. Equal chance to pursue happiness me ans an equal crack at the dough,; (Bambara 452). In reality, society has set standards for everyone to live by. Those who break away from it are look down upon if they fail, but if they succeed they are praised by, this may be the only way to change societies views of gender, class, and race; it is by succeeding in everything that you do.

Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell Essay Example

Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell Essay Example Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell Paper Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell Paper Essay Topic: George orwell In the story â€Å"Shooting an Elephant, the author George Orwell expresses his experience with imperialism. Orwell was an officer for imperialist Britain; he was an overseer of thousands of Burmese people. Throughout this passage he expresses his feelings toward the British and also the Burmese people. He also shares his opinion on imperialism. The author deals with conflicting feelings of anger toward imperialism but also the native Burmese people. You will come to see that the author sympathizes with both side, but in the end who will Orwell choose. Orwell also explains the effect of peer pressure, and how it affects people decisions. I will discuss the feelings of confusion, hate, and overall pressure felt by Orwell. In the story â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† the author George Orwell is a police officer in imperialized Burma. He oversees the people and in a way protects them. The Burmese people were not allowed to have weapons, so they relied on the European officers to protect them. In the passage the author describes feelings of strong hate toward imperialism. He states that he wants to leave Burma as soon as possible. He feels that imperialism is evil, and when working alongside with the government you see the evils of it even more. He feels for the Burmese people and tends to feel bad for them. But even though he feels this hate towards the British government he has conflicting feelings because he is annoyed by the Burmese people. Though he works for the British government he is even closer to the Burmese people because he patrols the streets. In some cases the Burmese people boldly oppose him. For example during games of cricket the referees would not call out fouls put on Orwell. Thin gs like this make him annoyed with the Burmese people. This is where his conflicting feelings come into play. Orwell patrols the streets of Burma and watches over the people. Even though Orwell secretly hated imperialism and wanted it to end, by defau

Opinion paper Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Opinion paper - Personal Statement Example They include: This is any measure taken with an aim of changing the offender’s character. It is a way of treating offenders via various psychological techniques, counseling, and training. This form of correction model is very effective. To increase its effectiveness the criminal justice should consider implementing measures in prisons so as to reduce rates of recidivism after release. According to experts, twenty percent of inmates have been found to commit crimes because of substance abuse. (Cullen, 1982) Drug abuse in prison and corrective facilities is very rampant. For these cases to reduce there should be rampant screening of inmates to verify their health. Measures should be taken to check on their mental health and addiction to substance abuse. (Marieke, 2013) After verification of the root causes of crime, rehabilitation come in hand. It is the best way to reduce recidivism because offenders say drug addicts would go through the process of training and counseling to manage their urge for drugs and in the long run the results are satisfactory as their reliance on drugs ceases. (Rainer, 2013) Thus, the twenty percent of individuals who commit crimes for money to buy drugs will be saved from recidivism since they will have learnt the negative impacts of substance abuse. Furthermore, rehabilitation for inmate addicts has proved to be effective according to scientific studies carried out in the last two decades. This calls for adoption of rehabilitation model as compared to other form of correction models which do not focus on changing behavior of inmates via appreciating their psychology. ( Marieke, 2013) In addition, rehabilitation in some cases has been found to embrace the medical model. They say â€Å"two is better than one.† This collaboration calls for justification that this form of correction model. It occurs when a person or inmate for this matter is physically ill and the cause is diagnosed though

The Introduction to Probability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Introduction to Probability - Essay Example The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s report of a decline in mortality rate, from â€Å"747.0 deaths per 100000 populations in 2010 to 740.6 deaths per 100000 populations,† is an example of probability, a comparative probability. The first section of the compound probability means that for every 100000 people in the target society, 747 died and the statement means that in the year 2010, a member of the society had a probability of dying of 0.00747. The second part of the compound probability shows that for every 100000 people in the population, 740 died in the year 2011 with the implication that each person had a probability of 0.00741 of dying in the year 2011. The compound probability, however, offers a basis for comparing the  probability of death in the society and indicates that people had a lower likelihood of dying in the year 2011 as compared to their probability of dying in the year 2010. This offers a basis for understanding factors affecting deat h rates towards improving people’s welfare and increasing life expectancy by understanding significant factors that changed between the two years. The probability example is applicable to stakeholders to health care for determining initiatives for healthy living (Hoyert and Xu, 2012). Probability defines the likelihood of an occurrence and is expressed as a comparative of a baseline. It is normally expressed as a percentage or as a fraction but can take assume different reference bases.

Human Trafficking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Human Trafficking - Assignment Example During this historic period, children, adults, and women were abducted and were taken by force to other foreign countries to work as slaves. The individuals who were engaged in slave trade exploited the slaves by exchanging them for other economic commodities. Despite changes in policies, rules and regulations against the slave trade in 20th and 21st century which resulted to decline of slavery, a new type of slavery was born and that is human trafficking. Human trafficking emerged in different ways; through coercion to better life, underground abductions, and force servant-hood. The two major types of human trafficking facing the world today are trafficking for sexual exploitations and trafficking to provide forced labor. Data internationally indicate that other forms of human trafficking are ignored or not taken into consideration. In the United States for example, the law is discriminative because it only covers two types of human trafficking: sex and forced labor trafficking. The law provides a mutual relationship between trafficked victims in exchange for their assistance to prosecute offenders. Studies indicate that these two types of human trafficking are uneven; about 70% cases investigated by agencies showed that 34% involved only labor trafficking while 36% was only sex trafficking. Lack of all types of human trafficking data is another problem that makes nonavailability of data for policy makers to investigate and make reliable human trafficking management policies.

Four Forms of Participant Observation: Ethical Issues

Four Forms of Participant Observation: Ethical Issues Introduction I have no great quickness of apprehension or witmy power to follow a long and purely abstract of thought is very limited (but) I am superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully Charles Darwin, Preface to The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Participant observation (PO) is one of the more fruitful methodological approaches to studying crowd behavior in the normal society. Obviously, PO includes two main parts, there are participating and observing. Form the first moment people was born, it already been used. People use observation to watch the world around them and try to participant in it, in other words, people grow up in company with participating and observing. There are two main aspects in this assignment as well. The first aspect is to explain the context and identification of Participant Observation; in second aspect, I will focus on the ethics and reactivity of the four forms which is outlined in Norris work. In this part, I will combine the fourfold categorisation which developed by Gill and Johnson (2002) with the four roles mentioned in Norris work, and then conclude my own ideas about the ethics and reactivity in PO research. What is Participant Observation? Participant Observation is a qualitative method with the roots in traditional ethnographic research. PO is the researcher attempts to participate fully in the lives and activities of subjects and thus become a member of their group, organization or community. This enables researchers to share their experiences by not merely observing what is happening but also feeing it (Gill and Johnson 2002:144). Form this identification, it is not difficult to find out that PO is not only a sample data collection as questionnaire; it is also an insider. When researchers doing their task, as Delbridge and Kirkpatrick (1994:37) notes that PO means immersion in the research setting, with the objective of sharing in peoples lives while attempting to learn their symbolic world. The mean process of Participant Observation is to understand and feel peoples subtle behavior in normal lives and attempt to learn their symbolic world. So just making sense about some basic role of human behavior or observing those behaviors is not the key point of PO, PO process include more than just observe, it also has data collection and note-taking and so on. To be honest, according to Bryman (1989): many definitions of ethnography and participant observation are difficult to distinguish form each other. Speaking in theory, Ethnography is a holistic research. MaCall and Simmons define ethnography as:some amount of genuine social interaction in the field with the subjects of study, some direct observation of relevant event, some formal and a great deal of informal interviewing, some systematic counting, some collection of documents and artefacts; and open-endedness in the direction the study takes. So that is why I said that PO is a qualitative method with the roots in traditional ethnographic research in the beginning. In other words, PO is included in ethnography research. Ethnography literally means a portrait a people. An ethnography is a written descriptions of particular culture - the customs, beliefs, and behavior based on information gathered through fieldwork (Marvin Harris and Orna Johnson, 2000). So the ethnography is a multidi sciplinary research including intensive language and culture learning, intensive study of a single field or domain, and a blend of historical, observational, and interview methods. The four forms of PO outlined in Norris work Norris work considered to some ethical considerations on Field-Work in the context of his own research on police culture. Covert research vs. Overt research Cover research takes place in the situation that public are not aware of the people as a researcher and the researcher process, the researchers conceal themselves to the public. On the contrary, overt research take place in the situation that researchers reveal the true identity of themselves to the public and let the experimenters know the process and purpose of research even let them know the potential risk of research. However, the distinction between overt and covert research is not evident. There is a case provided by Glucksman (1994), who in the 1970s left her academic post to work on a factory assembly line to explore the reasons why feminism appeared not to be relevant to working-class women. In a sense, she was a covert observer, but her motives for the research were primarily political and she says that, at the time she was undertaking the research, she had no intention of writing the book that subsequently appeared and that was published under a pseudonym (Cavendish 1982). After the books publication, it was treated as an example of ethnographic research. Every research method has the merit and demerit, so the cover and overt research are not exception. The merits and demerits of both forms conclude three main points: reactivity, ethics and access. For covert research, one of the merit aspects is the reactivity is not a problem, using the covert research could reduce the reactivity of experiments, because they are not aware of being researched. The less reactivity research got, the more validity core data gathered. The other merit aspect of covert research is easy to access. Because of the stealth of PO practice, people do not know the person conducting the study is a researcher. Therefore, they are less likely to adjust their behavior because of the researchers presence. (Alan Bryman and Emma Bell, 2003:320). The demerit of covert research is the ethical problems. The process of research is undercover; some researches focus on some privacy of peoples behavior, so research gathered data without the experiment granted during the research. The experimenters do not get the right of informed consent as well, the ethical problems such as violation of the principle of privacy happened inevitably. For the overt research, ethics is a prominent merit compared with covert research. Using overt research could give the experiment sufficient right to understanding the purpose and process of the study and the potential risk they possibly faced with. But the demerit of overt research also very obvious. The access can be arduous and timely even may not be granted; the high degree of reactivity to the research is not good to the validity of data collection. Characteristics of Four Forms of PO According to Norris work, Van Mannen divided the PO process into four parts, there are SPY, VOYEUR, FAN, MEMBER. The divide of those four forms depend on two dimensions, there are active and passive. Actually, those four roles in Norris work developed by Van Mannen on PO research is the some thing as Gill and Johnsons fourfold categorization of PO, there are complete participant, complete observer, observer as participant and participant as observer. SPY is identified by Van Mannen as active and covert type. It is the same meaning as complete participant in Gill and Johnsons fourfold categorization. The complete participant role sees you as the researcher attempting to become a member of the group in which you are performing research (Saunders, M. et al., 2008). The research concealed their true identity and purpose of research to public. During the research process, researcher will participant in the group and gain trust from he or her colleagues and make friend with experimenters. Doing like that could reduce the researchers access without too many problems of gather core data and take notes more easily. As Norris said: when observer excused himself to the toilet, hurriedly to scribble down notes, he felt like the Spy. VOYEUR is a covert and passive type which is mentioned in Norris work, it is a complete observer role as well. Norris said in his work: When observer deliberately placed in a position to overhear private conversations between officers, observer would feel like a Voyeur. The complete observer is the role that researcher have any communication with people. For example, one observer wants to research the proportion of green bag using when people shooing in the supermarket. What he or she would do is just one thing: having a seat near the exit of the supermarket or check-out counter, gather the number of people who was carrying a green bag in hand when they finished shopping , and then written a recorddown on the notebook. In this observing process, no participant taken by the researchers and no reactivity reflected by the customers. FAN is an overt and passive type defined by Van Mannen, Gill and Johnson called this type as observer as participant role. In this role, the researchers seems like an interviewer. As Norris said: When observer was attending incidents on the street, passively listening and watching, he was the Fan. this role has less participant and more observation. The researchers reveal themselves to public; people are not remained under cover. MEMBER is identified by Van Mannen as active and overt type. It was called participant as observer in Gill and Johnsons findings. The participant as observer is similar as complete participant, just the complete participant is the cover role, and MEMBER is the overt role. In this role the person reveals his or her purpose as a researcher. So in this process, the researchers should make more efforts on gaining trust form their colleagues and take part in the group actively. In Norris work, when I was left guarding a prisoner, introduced as a fellow police officer, or helped in the arrest of a violent and disturbed drug-user, I was, to all intents and purpose, cast in the role of a police officer. This role may be leads to another advantage which concluded in Robsons study: this is that key informants are likely to adopts a perspective of analytic reflection on the processes in which they are involved. (Robson, 2002) According to the analysis of those four roles outlined in Norris work, I concluded that it has no clear boundary among those four roles. The distinction of those four roles depends on the degree of participating and observing. So it is more likely to a subjective method that could be inflected by some factors such as the individuals willing or extent of reactivity and so on. Reactivity Principles in four forms It has different degree of reactivity in different roles. SPY type and VOYEUR type both are the cover research, so it has low extent of reactivity in those two types. In another side as well as the overt research role- MEMBER and FAN, the high degree of reactivity took place. As it is mentioned before, the low degree of reactivity took place, the high validity of core data gathered. Reactivity presents a threat to the internal and external validity of PO research. In the covert research, the experimenters are unaware of the research process, so their behavior which researchers want to observe is the unvarnished behavior; this is a key point of gather validity data by the researchers. In the overt research, this advantage which in the cover research is disappeared. When the experimenters know the researchers true identity and process of research, they will raise the level of alertness on the researcher and then make decision. Even if the experiment grants to participant, their behavior will not be the same as the unvarnished behavior. Ethical principles in four forms There are a number of ethical problems should to be considered during the process of one research. Every research methods will meet the ethical problems including the PO. In Norris work, three main principle of ethics of the research role outlined: informed consent, the invasion of privacy and the trust and deceit. Informed Consent The doctrine of informed consent is the general principle has been used to justify taking an ethical view of the behavior of social research. Informed consent is a legal right which given to the person who was invited to participate in social research activities. The right include the experimenters should be told by the researcher about a clear appreciation and understanding of the facts, implications and future consequences of the research, including the potential risks within this research. After they know the whole thing, they also have the right to decide whether they will cooperate or participant. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. This means that the person concerned should have legal captivity to give consent, should be so situated as to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any elements of force, fraud, deceit, duress, overteaching or any other ulterior form of constraint or conversion; and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision. (Homan, 1991:69; see also Katz et al., 1972:292-306). For instance, the informed consent always be used in the medical experiments. Before a surgery or other kinds of medical treatments to be taken, the signed consent form is required. the patients must understand the potential risks of the treatment an decide whether they will grant or not. The invasion of privacy Bulmer has written: To insinuate oneself into a particular setting on false pretences in order to gather material for research violates the rights of the individual to be let alone, to control his personal space, and information about himself (1982:219). People have the right of protecting their own privacies; infringing peoples privacy is an unethical act. But using covert research in the process of PO, the invasion of privacy is not so easy to be avoided. For example, if a researcher want to investigate peoples anomaly behaviors in normal lives, using covert research is necessary. Because peoples abnormal behaviors usually is private, covert thing. No one would like to share and discuss their anomaly behaviors in public. And we couldnt design an experiment to let people show their anomaly behaviors, so the researcher must use the covert research to observe this object. In this process, the people who was observed by researcher is in the situation that his or her privacy were being infringed. But we also have the measures to reduce this ethical problem. Because of the definition of privacy is depended on individuals, someones mind is not open enough to share their privacy to others, but someone not. In other words, in modern society, the privacy becomes a commodity which could be sold and bought. This ethical also could be reduced by changing the covert situation to the overt situation as well. Researcher should make friends with the experiment and gain their trust, and then tell them about the researchers true identity and purpose of the research and get their permit. Although it is likely to be a little time consuming, but it is a good way to access in the settings and practice PO research without guilty. The trust and deceit In theory, trust and deceit is the opposite side in social activities, but they are not the absolutive opposite side in social research, especially in PO research. Although the researchers have the obligation to tell the unvarnished truth to the experiment, but think about this question: Do doctors tell the truth to dying patients? Sometimes the truth-telling has not benefits to the healthy and safety in terms of experimenters rather than access and data collection in terms of researchers. Conclusion Participant Observation as a qualitative method plays an important role in society. Since crowd behavior takes place in a context of social activities, PO may involve having to take sides to gather data. In this assignment, the distinction of ethnography and PO research is not distinctness. They have a closed relationship between each other. After introduction of ethnography and PO, the next session in this assignment as well as the main part focuses on the four roles outlined in Norris work. Norris analyses some ethical considerations on field- work with police by using the four forms of PO research. The roles divided according to the covert and overt research, covert research and overt research are the basic approaches in PO. So as to explaining the four roles more comprehensive, the Gill and Johnsons findings are used as well. In the second session, the reactivity and ethics as the main two aspects are anglicized in detail by several points from different angles. Participant Observation perhaps is the earliest method in the world. However, the participant observation was not lost its own glory because of its ancient. Although the modern technology and research methodology develop in a high speed, Participant Observation is still the most basic commonly method which could continue being used in the future. References: Bryman, A. (1989) Research Methods and Organisation Studies. London: Unwin Hyman. Bryman, A. and E. Bell (2003) Business Research Methods, Oxford : Oxford University Press. Darwin, Charles (1872) The expression of the emotions in man and animals, London: John Murray, pp.374 Delbrige, R. and Kirkpatrick, I. (1994) Theory and practice of participant observation, in V.Wass and P.Wells (eds) Principles and Practice in Business and Management Research, Aldershot: Dartmouth, pp.35-62 Ditton, J. (1977), Part-Time Crime: An Ethnography of Fiddling and Pilferage (London: Macmillan). Gill, J. and Johnson, P. (2002) Research Methods for Managers (3rd edn). London: Sage Gilbert, N. (1993) Researching Social Life (3rd edn). London: Sage. Harris, M. Johnson, O. (2000). Cultural Anthropology, (5th ed.), Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Homan, R. (1991) The Ethical of Social Research. London: Pearson Education. Saunders, M. et al. (2008) Research Methods for Business Students (5th ed.) Harlow : Financial Times Prentice Hall Robson, C. (2002) Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers (2nd edn). Oxford: Blackwell. Norris, C. (1993) Some ethical considerations on field-work with the police, in Hobbs, D. and May, T. (1993) Interpreting the field : accounts of ethnography.

Dopplar Radar :: essays research papers

Doppler Radar The Social realm of Doppler radar relates to many different things we do in everyday life, anytime you are going outdoors anywhere in the world you can find out what it is going to be like before you even step outside. This is made possible with the use of Doppler Radar. In this section I am going to discuss the social realm of Doppler radar in the local, regional, national and global areas. First we must know what is Doppler radar? Doppler radar is a device that measures the Doppler shift in a radar beam reflected from an object’s motion towards or away from the radar aerial. (from WeatherOnline.com) In our local area we use Doppler radar for many different things in the social realm. We use is for safety when bad weather is near. Doppler radar has saved many lives since it was first used to track weather in @#$%$%%^ !#$%^?... When a tornado is near we take cover and when a flood is near we do all we can to protect what we can in the time we have. Fortunately we don’t live near the coast where hurricanes occur. It also helps us in the social realm in the winter when we have snow and ice, when driving conditions are at there worse. Nobody wants to risk their lives when the roads are icy so we tend to cancel more and more of our social gatherings during the winter, and if you have a television and or radio you can find out most of the cancellations before you head out the door and risk your life on snow and ice covered roads. Anyone and everyone who has a job that requires them to be outdoors is almost always watching the weather. Many different jobs depend on the weather, for instance concrete layers can’t pour concrete when it is raining, they also have to look to see when it is going to rain next, because they have to give the concrete time to set. Concrete workers also look at what the temperature is, the temperature can effect the way that a certain concrete will set, how long it will take and if it is too hot or cold out the concrete will crack. Concrete layers are always watching the weather because much of what they do depends on the weather. Another one of these jobs that requires a constant eye on the weather is farming.

Marraige Life vs Singal Life

The difference between the marriage life and the single life is there are advantages, and disadvantages. Although married life sounds stable, there are more benefits to being single, in the short and long term picture. (Marriage Vs Single Life. ) In today society a lot of people are being married and still being single. This particular way of thing has changed their lives. In this compare and contrast the difference between single and married people lives. Single life mainly has no responsibility at all. Being single you don’t have to come home to anyone. If you like being alone this is the perfect lifestyle for you. You don’t have to share your money, everything is about you. There are a lot of people that would like to be stress free no one nagging them. Single people can spend their time with anyone they choose. They can come in at anytime they like, and they don’t have to worry about cleaning up behind others. They just have to clean up behind the selves. Single people also have very big trust issue. Marriage people have the companionship of each other and their children. Compared to the single people married people schedule are too busy. Married people have to conduct their partners and children lives as well. Married people can’t live a free life if they want to go with their friends they have to let their partner know there are rules to having a happy successful life. Never both partners be mad at once, never yell all ways talk problems out in a normal voice. Never discuss your problem around a crowd of people, always agree with your partner around crowds , but if you disagree let them know later. Being married emotional support is expected or given with every thought or action. I would choose the married life over the single life. I love the sharing part and the company. I’ve always love being around people so I personally think that I would be a good candidate for the marriage life. I wouldn’t choose the single life because being single and coming to your own empty house not having anyone waiting for me to share my day or thoughts. In this conclusion being single takes a toll on you, while being married has its toll too. But you have someone too,but you will have someone deeply share them with a true friend for life like the marriage says. â€Å"Till death do us part. â€Å"

Guide to Punctuation for English Learners

Guide to Punctuation for English Learners Punctuation is used to mark the cadence, pauses, and tone in written English. In other words, punctuation helps us to understand when to pause between fully formed ideas when speaking, as well as organize our thoughts in writing. English punctuation marks include: period .comma  ,question mark ?exclamation mark !colon :semi colon ; Beginning English learners should focus on understanding the period, comma, and question mark. Intermediate to advanced student should also learn how to use colons and semi colons, as well as an occasional exclamation mark. This guide provides instruction on the basic rules of using a period, comma, colon, semicolon, question mark and exclamation point. Each type of punctuation is followed by an explanation and example sentences for reference purposes. Period Use a period to end a complete sentence. A sentence is a group of words containing a subject and predicate. In British English a period is called a full stop. Examples: He went to Detroit last week. They are going to visit. Comma There are a number of different uses for commas in English. Commas are used to: Separate a list of items. This is one of the most common uses of a comma. Notice that a comma is included before the conjunction and which comes before the final element of a list. Examples: I like reading, listening to music, taking long walks, and visiting with my friends. They would like books, magazines, DVDs, video cassettes, and other learning materials for their library. Separate phrases (clauses). This is especially true after a beginning dependent clause or a long prepositional phrase. Examples: In order to qualify for your certificate, you will need to take the TOEFL exam. Although he wanted to come, he wasnt able to attend the course. Separate two independent clauses that are connected by a conjunction such as but. Examples: They wanted to purchase a new car, but their financial situation would not allow it. Id really enjoy seeing a film this evening, and Id like to go out for a drink. Introduce a direct quote (as opposed to indirect speech i.e. He said he wanted to come ...). Examples: The boy said, My father is often away during the week on business trips. His doctor replied, If you dont stop smoking, you run the risk of a heart attack. Separate appositives (a noun, or noun phrase) or non-defining relative clauses. Examples: Bill Gates, the richest man in the world, comes from Seattle. My only sister, who is a fantastic tennis player, is in great shape. Question Mark The question mark is used at the end of a question. Examples: Where do you live? How long have they been studying? Exclamation Point The exclamation point is used at the end of a sentence to indicate great surprise. It is also used for emphasis when making a point. Be careful not to use an exclamation point too often. Examples: That ride was fantastic! I cant believe he is going to marry her! Semicolon There are two uses for a semicolon: To separate two independent clauses. One or both of the clauses are short and the ideas expressed are usually very similar. Examples: He loves studying; he cant get enough of school. What an incredible situation; it must make you nervous. To separate groups of words that are themselves separated by commas. Examples: I took a holiday and played golf, which I love; read a lot, which I needed to do; and slept late, which I hadnt done for quite a while. They plan to study German, for their travels; chemistry, for their work; and literature, for their own enjoyment. Colon A colon can be used for two purposes: To provide additional details and explanation. Examples: He had many reasons for joining the club: to get in shape, to make new friends, to lose some weight, and to get out of the house. She gave notice for the following reasons: bad pay, horrible hours, poor relations with colleagues, and her boss. To introduce a direct quote (a comma can also be used in this situation). Examples: He announced to his friends: Im getting married! She cried out: I never want to see you again!

Quotes from Harry S Truman

Quotes from Harry S Truman Harry S Truman served as the 33rd president of the United States during the end of World War II. Following are key quotes from Truman during his time as president. On War, the Military, and The Bomb In the simplest terms, what we are doing in Korea is this: We are trying to prevent a third world war. If there is one basic element in our Constitution, it is civilian control of the military. Sixteen hours ago an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima...The force from which the sun draws its powers has been loosed against those who brought the war in the Far East. It is part of my responsibility as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces to see to it that our country is able to defend itself against any possible aggressor. Accordingly, I have directed the Atomic Energy Commission to continue its work on all forms of atomic weapons, including the so-called hydrogen or  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹super-bomb. The Soviet Union does not have to attack the United States to secure domination of the world. It can achieve its ends by isolating us and swallowing up all our allies. On Character, America and The Presidency A man cannot have character unless he lives within a fundamental system of morals that creates character. America was not built on fear. America was built on courage, on imagination and unbeatable determination to do the job at hand. Within the first few months, I discovered that being a President is like riding a tiger. A man has to keep on riding or be swallowed. Its a recession when your neighbor loses his job; its a depression when you lose yours.

The Effects of Bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Effects of Bullying - Essay Example Bullying is an activity which is performed for getting pleasure at the expense of others. Those who perform bullying may experience pleasure whereas the victims will be suffered. The offenders often neglect the fact that their activity may lead towards mental problems among the victims. Depression is one of the major psychological problems caused by intense bullying. In extreme cases, the victims may commit suicide because of severe mental pressure they may undergo as a result of bullying. This paper briefly explains various psychological problems associated with bullying. Depression is the major psychological problem caused by bullying. In some cases depression developed as result of bullying may last only for few weeks whereas in other cases, the victim may develop permanent depression problems. If left untreated temporary depression problems may transform into permanent depression problems. It should be noted that bipolar diseases may develop as a result of the persistence of depr ession. It should be noted that bipolar diseases are most severe forms of mental disorders. In short, bullying done for somebody’s enjoyment purpose may make the victim a severe mental patient. Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) and Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD) are other psychological problems which can be developed as a result of consistent bullying. â€Å"Paranoid personality disorder is a psychiatric condition in which a person has a long-term distrust and suspicion of others† (Paranoid Personality Disorder) whereas â€Å"Schizoid personality disorder is a psychiatric condition in which a person has a lifelong pattern of indifference to others and social isolation† (Schizoid Personality Disorder). In both the cases, the patients may not interact properly with others because of their fear of bullying. They may treat all others as enemies or offenders and therefore they will deliberately keep a distance with others. They will never trust even their clos e relatives or friends. They will try to lead a life in their own world or in an imaginary world. They will never adjust with the realities of life. In short, bullying may keep the victims away from the society and their life will be spoiled. Suicide tendency is another major psychological problem associated with bullying. It is a well-established fact that depression is one of the major reasons of suicide among children. Depression among teenagers is caused mainly because of bullying. Victims of bullying often make some generalisations in which they consider all the others are their enemies. They may think that there is no space for them in this world and it is better to finish their life to escape from this world. It should be noted that people get enough motivation to sustain their life when they get social support. Victims of bullying may think that they are in a helpless condition and the society and his family are against them. Under such circumstances, they will take shelter in suicide in order to escape from a world which gave them bitter experiences. In short, an activity (Bullying) performed just for a joke may end up in a suicide. According to a New York Times blog report, bullying may result in developing suicide tendency not only among the victims but also among the offenders or the bullies as well. â€Å"A broad analysis of childhood bullying and the link with suicide has found that it’