Essay on Freedom and Fate in Moll Flanders :: Moll Flanders Essays

Freedom and Fate in Moll Flanders   Are lot who believe in freewill simply ignorant of the reasons of their actions?  In the context of Defoes Moll Flanders, this question may result in considerable debate. Was Flanders free or was she predetermined to live a wicked and improper life mired in years of penitence? Did the whorish behavior of Molls mother predetermine Molls actions? Certainly on that point is no question that Flanders was a criminal - she was a whore, a thief, and she practiced incest.    In regards to Flanders having sex with her own brother it would be difficult to argue that this was a predetermined event considering she truly did not know her husband was of her own flesh and blood. If, indeed, she was aware of the relation and then chose to proceed then one could disc it further in the context of freewill. As for being a whore there is no question that Flanders, especially later in her life, involved herself with much(prenominal) happenings, but for me it was the thievery that seemed to capture the essence of Flanders continual undoing and constant need for penitence. There is no better part of Defoes work to capture the feelings of reveal despondency then when Moll is going to steal for the first time from the apothecarys shop. Defoe prefaces the scene with a few paragraphs where Moll explains her absolute desolate state. The abomination is then set in what James Sutherland explains, ...Molls first theft he sets the scene with such careful attention to detail that he fixes it in our minds, and gives to it that lineage of authenticity which, for Defoe, is almost justification of fiction. This is where Defoes journalistic stylings shine. The reader is indeed in the apothecary and sees Molls gaffe unfolding before him.   We are free to count on whether or not we would take the bundle that so often becomes Molls pursuit in the future. It is at that instant that we can decide whether Moll was free to do so or controll ed by something unavoidable, such as fate. If Moll was acting on freewill it is arguable that she would not repeat the same crime in the future, in fact she would most likely avoid any such acts that resulted in the terrible feelings she experienced during and after the first offense. For she says herself, It is impossible to express the iniquity of my soul all the while I did it.

Helping the Less Fortunate Members of Society :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

Helping the Less Fortunate Members of Society   Over the past five years I consider participated in an organization called Group Workcamps through the St. Helenas / St. Marys Parish. This experience has helped me to grow greatly personally and spiritually. all year, a group from the church goes out to a small community to repair homes of the elderly, disabled or less fortunate. By participating in this group over the past five years, I have conditioned many traits including leadership, respect and empathy, as well as building wonderful friendships with others all over the country. Besides these, I have also learned valuable skills such as carpentry, budgeting, planning, and public speaking.   The Workcamp year begins in mid August, when the group for the year assembles for the first time. This is an introductory meeting for the new members and a retread of the previous year for the veterans. At this time we decide where to go the following summer, figure out what we will do for fund-raisers, and how much money we will learn to raise over the next 10 to 12 months based upon how many people will be going.   Over the course of the next year or so, it is the responsibility of everyone involved to assist in the raising of the $6,000 or so that will be needed for us to pay for travel expenses, and have many left over in case of an emergency. In order for all of this to come together, everyone needs to take some responsibility in acquiring donations and sponsorships. Every member of our group needs to bring in at least $300 in personal sponsorships. However, since there are usually only somewhat ten of us going, the other $3,000 doesnt just come out of nowhere. We rise before the sun to prepare pancakes for a breakfast in the church antechamber after Mass. We stand along Route 4 in a drizzling rain trying to convince people to let us scrub their cars. We build bird feeders for fun and profit in a frigid shop. We spend sweltering June afternoons i n the church parking lot nailing shingles to the pileus of a shed we will sell. We present a slide show of last years Workcamp to the congregation and request donations.   After a retreat and send-off Mass, the original test of our friendship begins.

The Gathering Text Response Essay example -- essays research papers

Text Response Good Vs. EvilGood vs. evil is a widely explored theme in Isobelle Carmodys novel The Gathering. It is most evident in the battle between the Chain and the Kraken, however the more sinister, subtler acts of evil occur when he attempts to impart each member vulnerable by breaching their weaknesses. While the physical examples such as the final battle, the murder of The Tod and the violent acts by Buddha and his gang could for sure be classified as evil, it is my belief that the brainwashing of the students and the fanatical powers of illusion Mr. Karle wields are more insidious, swiftly inhabiting and manifesting in the minds of people in a bureau that is more powerful than any outright acts of violence.An example of how the evil within Cheshunt and Mr. Karle are influencing residents to commit heinous acts can be found on knave 214 when Buddha murders Nathanials dog in an attempt to render him susceptible to Mr. Karles attempts to manipulate him. The Tod was ruthl essly killed by being doused in kerosene and thusly set alight. scalawag 214 reads as follows, The match landed in his tail and flames swept forward up over him. Devoured him. He arched and coiled, yelping in pain and fright, and then he screamed, a long inhuman howl of agony and terror. For one terrible second, his eyes looked at me from out of the flames, bulging and pleading. This horrific and terrifying emergence was interpreted by Nat as punishment due to Lallies intervention of the night before whe...

Beta Pictoris: Planets? Life? Or What? :: essays research papers fc

BETA PICTORIS PLANETS? LIFE? OR WHAT?JARAASTRONOMY 102 SEC 013The ultimate question is Is there a possibility that bearing might exist on aplanet in the Beta Pictoris corpse? First, one must ask, Are there planets inthe Beta Pictoris system?. However, that question would be impossible to answerif one did not answer the most basic questions first Where do planets comefrom? and do the key elements and situations, compulsory to form planets, exist inthe Beta Pictoris system?.To understand where planets come from, one has to first look at where theplanets in our solar system came from. Does or did our star topology, the sun, have acircumstellar dish antenna around it? the answer is believed to be yes.Scientists believe that a newly formed star is immediately surrounded by arelatively dense cloud of gas and dust. In 1965, A. Poveda stated, That newstars are likely to be obscured by this envelope of gas and dust (1). In 1967,Davidson and Harwit hold with Poveda and then stipulation ed this occurrence, the cocoon nebula (1). Other authors have referred to this occurrence as, a placental nebula (1), noting that it sustains the growth of planetary bodies.For a long time, even before there was the term cocoon nebula, planetaryscientists knew that a cocoon nebula had surrounded the sun, long ago, in orderfor our solar system to form and take on their currents motions (1).In 1755, a German, named Immanuel Kant, reasoned that gravity wouldmake circumsolar cloud contract and that rotation would flatten it (1)." Thus,the cloud would assume the general shape of a rotating disk, explaining the factthat the planets, in our solar system, revolve in a disk-shaped distribution.This idea, about the disk-shaped nebula that was formed around the earlysun, came to be known as the nebula hypothesis (1). Then, in 1796, a Frenchmathematician named Laplace, proposed that the rotating disk continued to cooland contract, forming planetary bodies (1). Also, when investigating theev olution of stars, it was proposed that a star forms as a central condensationin an extended nebula... The outer ramify remains behind as the cocoon nebula (1). During the same study it was also indicated that under various conditionssuch as rotation, turbulence, etc. the nucleus of the forming star whitethorn divideinto two or more bodies orbiting each other (1). This may be the explanation asto why more than half of all star systems are binary or multiple, rather thansingles stars, like ours, the sun.This same fragmentation may also form bodies too small to become stars.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream by Shakespeare Essay -- othello, lago puck

Shakespeare has a way of creating his characters so the audience can relate to them in a way. In his villains we see the negative characteristics that are in ourselves and others around us things that often define the natural man such as greed or jealousy. With the entire terrible and treacherous thing that Shakespeare makes his villains do, he always manages to make them human in a way. As if he is meaning to display that no matter how twisted a person can be, they are still a person. In Shakespeares plays Othello, Hamlet, and A Midsummer Nights Dream, the villains function the characteristics of greed, clever and conniving ways, and recklessness however, they all bring their own features to the table.The first of the villains is Puck from A Midsummer Nights Dream he is clever, reckless, and genuinely mischievous, these characteristics tend to get him into trouble. Sometimes referred to as Robin or Robing Goodfellow, Puck is a trickster by nature and loves to play pranks on others , by this, he and Bottom actually progress the three central stories of the play. Puck is introduced first and creates drama in the lovers story by messing up who loves whom. Puck also turns Bottoms calculate into an ass and makes Titania fall in love with him so he might bring the Indian boy/slave for Oberon, the fairy king. Puck introduces himself in Act two, Scene one by saying, I am that merry wanderer of the night./I jest to Oberon and make him smile/When I a naughty and bean-fed horse beguile,/Neighing in likeness of a filly foal/And sometime lurk I in a gossips bowl,/In very likeness of a cook crab,/And when she drinks, against her lips I bob/And on her witherd dewlap pour the ale./The wisest aunt, telling the saddest tale,/Sometime for three-f... ...e Moor is arrested, transported from Cyprus to Venice, and tortured, but refuses to admit his guilt. He is condemned to exile Desdemonas relatives eventually execute him. The ensign escapes any prosecution in Desdemonas de ath, but engages in other crimes and dies after being tortured. (Bevington, David and Kate)Although Iago, King Claudius, and Puck are the work of pure imagination, Shakespeare teaches us something very main(prenominal) about whom we are as a being. Human nature is back stabbing, conniving, greedy, and jealous all those things that you can say are bad when looking at some other, but can justify in yourself. One tends to validate their wrong doing as necessary or not as bad as something that another has done. Shakespeare is playing a game with his audience through his villains. By showing their faults, he, in turn, makes us see the faults in ourselves.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream by Shakespeare Essay -- othello, lago puck

Shakespeare has a way of creating his characters so the audience can bushel to them in a way. In his villains we see the negative characteristics that are in ourselves and others around us things that often define the natural man such as greed or jealousy. With the entire terrible and treacherous thing that Shakespeare makes his villains do, he always manages to make them human in a way. As if he is sum to display that no matter how twisted a person can be, they are still a person. In Shakespeares plays Othello, Hamlet, and A Midsummer darknesss fantasy, the villains share the characteristics of greed, clever and conniving ways, and recklessness however, they all bring their own features to the table.The first of the villains is hockey puck from A Midsummer Nights Dream he is clever, reckless, and very mischievous, these characteristics tend to get him into trouble. Sometimes referred to as Robin or Robing Goodfellow, Puck is a trickster by nature and loves to play pranks on othe rs, by this, he and Bottom actually progress the three central stories of the play. Puck is introduced first and creates drama in the lovers story by messing up who loves whom. Puck also turns Bottoms head into an ass and makes Titania fall in love with him so he might bring the Indian boy/slave for Oberon, the world-beater king. Puck introduces himself in Act two, Scene one by saying, I am that merry wanderer of the night./I jest to Oberon and make him smile/When I a fat and bean-fed horse beguile,/Neighing in analogy of a filly foal/And sometime lurk I in a gossips bowl,/In very likeness of a roasted crab,/And when she drinks, against her lips I bob/And on her witherd dewlap pour the ale./The wisest aunt, telling the saddest tale,/Sometime for three-f... ...e Moor is arrested, transported from Cyprus to Venice, and tortured, but refuses to admit his guilt. He is condemned to exile Desdemonas relatives eventually run away him. The ensign escapes any prosecution in Desdemonas death, but engages in other crimes and dies after being tortured. (Bevington, David and Kate)Although Iago, King Claudius, and Puck are the work of pure imagination, Shakespeare teaches us something very important about whom we are as a being. Human nature is back stabbing, conniving, greedy, and jealous all those things that you can say are hurtful when looking at another, but can justify in yourself. One tends to validate their wrong doing as necessary or not as bounteous as something that another has done. Shakespeare is playing a game with his audience through his villains. By showing their faults, he, in turn, makes us see the faults in ourselves.

Issues and Challenges of Logistics in Malaysia: a Perspective

In the Asia Pacific region, the potential for growth in logistics is genuinely promising. Although Malaysias economic growth rate is increasing, scarce advances in logistical in this country is unchanging on modest level. Under the Third Industrial defeat Plan (IMP3), which was launched in 2006, Malaysias logistics development were charted carefully and diligently as to keep on pace with other countries in South East Asia. However, Malaysia is still lagging behind neighbour countaries such as Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam on containation, bureaucratic and logistical issues.These issues need to be improve so that Malaysia can compete with these collar countaries. Major Comments Author Assumptions Transport and Logistics issues The production possibilites frontier (PPF) is the boundary between those combinations of goods and function that can be produced and those that cannot produce. In this issues, logistics development are the production and the conundrum are poor expres s infrastructure, underdeveloped transport and logistics services and slow and costly bureaucratic procedures are the big issues that gives high logistics cost in Malaysia.Furthermore, the put on of technology also needed in order to make some cash advances to make logistics more efficient. Almost 20 years, Malaysia still trying to reduce transport and logistics cost. However, increasing in imports and exports but storage capasity in Malaysia are not well improve gives big impact to economics growth in Malaysia. This causes penury and supply are cannot be fulfil. Eventhough Malaysia adding new berths but Malaysia still cannot cope with increasing amount of space available on both depots and depots which causes Maritim still not fully efficient.In these issues, we must build as many as the new berths in order to maintain high capasity. For multimodal transport issues, Malaysia uses containers for the maritime position of trips, loading and unloading them in the ports rather at th e origin and destination of their cargo. This eliminates the main cost-saving advantages of container use. However, poor transport infrastructure makes are hard its hard for unloaded. This is because course and rail infrastructure are not so good especially in East Malaysia. Furthermore, trade documentation in customs clearances need to be simplified in order to reduce port congestion.In addition, freight forwarding industry are still underdeveloped with only 10% of trade-related transport services uses this way. This causes demand and supply are not meet in positive ways. The high costs of land access to ports, reinforced by the do of production agglomeration, have caused an excessive concentration of export-related activities in port cities and essentially restricted the benefits of trade growth to the areas immediately surrounding ports. However, if the benefits of trade are to be more widely distributed, the penalties of inaccessibility need to be addressed.Such action could n ot only stimulate trade-induced growth in currently inaccessible areas, but if successful, this could reduce and slower the growth of trade-induced urban congestion and pollution in port cities. Analysis In IMP3, specific targets has been set for the logistics industry which is to grow at 8. 6% during the 15-year plans period. In the other hand, logistic industry shall contribute 12. 1 to GDP (Keluaran Dalam Negara Kasar, KDNK) by 2020. Moreover, Malaysian ports shall handle 36 millions TEUs (container) by 2020, 2. 4 million tonnes for air freight and 18. 6 million tonnes for rail freight.Author Suggestion on Improvement In order to make improvement in logistics development, the Goverment needs to addressed few things such as Domestic Integration, tete-a-tete Sector Collaboration and Regulatory Environment for Transportation. For Domestic Integration, transportation services should be improved especially road, waterways and railways in East Malaysia. For example through postharvest services, cargo consolidation through farmer or business associations, information on prices and market demand, access to credits and human skills. In the other hand, the needs of quality logistics for high-value products needs to improve.Such as freight forwarding, 3PL, warehousing, storage, packaging, e-business use and tracking services. Private sector are tend to more competetive than public sector. To encourage private sector collaboration, the Government has established the Malaysia Logistics Council (MLC) in January 2007 which is i. To provide leadership and serve as a focal point to address all issues relating to the development of the industry, ii. Monitor and coordinate implementation of programs and activities of the respective Agencies/Authorities at both Federal and dry land levels involved in the development of the industry, iii. Steer research and training activities of the Center of Excellence for Logistics and Supply Chain and iv. Streamline strategies and policie s governing the logistics industry which cuts across some(prenominal) implementing authorities. Minor Comments (Figures) 1. Logistics Development Supply When Logistics industry increases, the supply curve shifts rightward 2. Maritime Issues However, when Storage capacity cannot cope with the space available make supply decreases, thence the supply curve shifts leftward.3. Multimodal Transport Failure in multimodal transport for loading and unloading are decreases, the supply curve shifts leftward. . Ports and Land nettle When Ports and Land Access are not fully functional, the the supply curve shifts leftward. 5. Air Freight The decreases in Air Freight operations makes the supply curve shifts leftwards. Conclusions The needs of study improvement need to be done in order to improve logistics arrangements such as ports and infrastructure, freight management, connectivity and usage of technology. Malaysia will continue to review and contract progressive liberalisation of its serv ices industry taking into account domestic capability as well as to enhance competitiveness at the world-wide and regional levels.References * http//academia.edu/1360843/Issues_and_Challenges_of_Logistics_in_Malaysia_A_Perspective * http//academia.edu/1059313/Logistics_and_Supply_Chain_in_Malaysia_Issues_and_Challenges * http//www.apec.org.au/docs/10_TP_SUPPLY/7.%20Trade%20and%20Logistics%20-%20An%20East%20Asian%20Perspective.pdf

Advancements in Medical Research Due to Hela Cells

Katrina Samborski Honors English 1100 Dr. Nicole Caswell November 10, 2012 Advancement of Medical Research from HeLa Cells HeLa simply stands for Henrietta Lacks, a young mother in the 1951 who went to the doctor complaining of vaginal bleeding and discovered she had cervical cancer. Henriettas cellular telephones were taken for a biopsy and were found to be like nonhing ever seen forward her cells were immortal. Her cancer cells double e real 20 to 24 hours and have lived on for the past 60 years. Since HeLa cells were created, our world of modern medicine has been wholly changed.We now vaccines for erst incur fitting diseases and have utilise the cells for cloning and other biomedical question. Although the cells have done a great deal of good, they have also caused substantial aggrieve to Henrietta Lacks, her family, and potential trial research participants. Therefore, though around may think it was ethically wrong of Henrietta Lacks doctors to not inform her that they w ere using her cells, she is the reason we have been able to save thousands of lives. It was at Johns Hopkins Hospital when Dr.Gey, a prominent cancer and virus researcher, discovered Henriettas cells were immortal. Since cancer cells will die outside the body without the even out mix of chemicals, Dr. Gey created the roller tube. This contraption held glass tubes containing samples in nutrient-rich fluids, turned slowly sometimes just two revolutions an hour, exposing the cells to just the right mix of air and nutrients. When Henriettas cells were placed in this device, they never stopped dividing. While their research value is unquestioned, the tumor cells had created havoc in Henrietta Lacks body.Skloot recounts the lab technician Mary Kubicek who was present at the autopsy. The tumors had completely blocked her urethra, leaving doctors unable to pass a catheter into her bladder to empty it. Tumors the size of baseballs had nearly replaced her kidneys, bladder, ovaries and uteru s. And her other organs were so covered in lower-ranking white tumors it looked as if someone had filled her with pearls (Williams). Although her cells are cancerous, HeLa cells share many traits with normal cells, making them useful in studying protein synthesis, the human genome and how viruses work. Dr.Gey sold the cells to researchers roughly the world, who used them to develop a variety of medicines. HeLa cells were the first to travel into space in an unmanned satellite to see if humans could survive zero gravity. This cell line is used all around the world and revolutionized cell biology because they grew so well in culture, said William Earnshaw, principal research fellow at the University of Edinburghs Centre for Cell Biology. They yielded a huge amount of information, Earnshaw said (Sharp). In the early 1950s, the world experienced the biggest acute anterior poliomyelitis pandemic in history.Jonas Salk devised the worlds first polio vaccine, but testing it would require huge supplies of live cells that, at the time, would have involved the sacrifice of thousands of monkeys. HeLa cells proved to be technically more suitable for testing, and a lot less expensive and messy, than using monkeys. Moreover, HeLa cells grew virtually anywhere and on any surface, including while floating on liquid. A HeLa mass production and distribution boil down was therefore established at the Tuskegee Institute, ironically at exactly the same time that the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study on black subjects was being carried out.Soon HeLa cells were to change the first disaggregation of chromosomes, numerous discoveries from heritable and viral studies, and the first-ever cloning of a cell, gene mapping, in vitro fertilization and much, much more. (Ncayiyana) HeLa cells have had a positive influence on medicine in many ways including with giving us knowledge about the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and HPV18-positive. HeLa cells have been linked to changes in microRN A expression. Since HPV18 has been associated with very hostile adenocarcinomas, this finding may explain why Dr.Gey was surprised by the prolific growth of HeLa cells in culture. Routine Papanicolaou smear screening may not follow rapidly progressive cervical carcinomas the new HPV vaccine holds the promise of preventing these tumors. (Hutchins). The problem of possible contamination of other long-term cultured tumor cell lines with HeLa cells not only caused an international embarrassment, but also raised the c at oncern of misattributing a specific property so another cell line, for example, a virus or a tumor-specific marker, which actually belongs to HeLa.With the continued and growing use of tissue culture in biochemist research, intra- and interspecific contamination becomes a significant risk. The determination of stable genetic markers on cultured cells is a powerful tool for monitoring such contamination. Recent experiments in which cultured cells and innumerable clones of somatic cell hybrids have been used for genetic analysis have shown that, with the proper use of polymorphic markers to characterize the cells, the possibility of undetected cross contamination of cultures is no longer the problem it once may have been.Therefore, in an effort to clarify the characteristics of the HeLa cell and establish its probable genotype for better-known polymorphisms, we studied HLA and other markers, in the surviving husband and children of Henrietta Lacks. (Hsu) Not only were there several negative effects for Henrietta Lacks, but the general public has found flaws with HeLa cells as well. The Drug Information Association sponsored a workshop that brought together people who deal with facilitating or regulating the collection of clinical specimens for genetic analyses to complement drug trials.Genetic studies of clinical samples have for years had to negociate a tricky path through informed consent, confidentiality, and regulatory-oversight, but accordin g to a couple of speakers who noted the Henrietta Lacks story, the 19 months since the books publication have made some people even more wary of this research. I think it was disconcerting to people who are not used to thinking about how specimens are handled, that their specimens could pull through them, said the meetings main organizer and chair, Amelia Wall Warner, Ph. D. who heads clinical pharmacogenomics and clinical specimen management for the drug company Merck. The Skloot book seems to be creating a lot of conversation, with patients lots asking for a menu of consent that large-scale trials with many thousands of patients cant accommodate, she noted. (Zoler) Although there are accusations against doctors and corporations that bought these cells stating they did so without Henrietta Lacks consent, we owe our world of modern medicine to her. Her cells allowed us to research and experiment countless diseases and opened the door to learn about the human enome and cancer cells . Dr. Gey said, It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. It was the best of times for science in that this very peculiar tumor gave rise to the HeLa cell line, which has been available for the various studies referred to by others. For Mrs. Lacks and the family she left behind, it was the worst of times. Scientific progress and indeed progress of all kinds is very much made at great cost, such as the sacrifice made by Henrietta Lacks (Jones). While her family has yet to be compensated, HeLa cells continue to be used terrestrial in the medical field.Works Cited Ncayiyana, Daniel J. The extraordinary story of the life after death of Henrietta Lacks. South African Medical Journal101. 3 (2011) 141. Health Reference heart and soul Academic. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. Grover M. Hutchins, Brendan P. Lucey, and Walter A. Nelson-Rees. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory medicate. 133. 9(Sept. 2009)p1463. Word Count 4083. Jones HW Jr Am J Obstet Gynecol 01-JUN-1997 176(6) S227-8 MEDLI NE is the source for the citation and abstract of this record Susan H.Hsu, Bernice Z. Schacter, Nancy L. Delaney, Thomas B. Miller, Victor A. McKusick, R. H. Kennett, J. G. Bodmer, D. newfangled and W. F. Bodmer Science, New Series, Vol. 191, No. 4225 (Jan. 30, 1976), pp. 392-394 Published byAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science Article Stable URL http//www. jstor. org/stable/1741942 Mitchel Zoler. Internal Medicine News. 44. 17(Oct. 15, 2011)p63. Word Count 433. Williams, Nigel. Prize For the HeLa Cell Story. Current Biology20. 23 (2010) n. ag. Sciverse. com. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. Manfuso, Jamie, and Stephanie Desmon. Honoring the Henrietta Lacks Legacy at Hopkins. Hopkins Medicine Magazine. Johns Hopkins, 20 may 2011. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. Hepworth, Jeri, PhD. Advocacy for Henrietta Lacks and Family Medicine. Editorial. Family MedicineSept. 2011 595-96. Society of Teachers of Family Medicine. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. Sharp, Rob. Life and afterlife of a women who will live for ever. The Independent. November 10 2010. Web. Nov 12 2012.

Did the Court feel that equalizing the funding between schools in Texas would make school opportunity for students equal?

In 1973, the San Antonio Independent School District filed an appeal to the United States Supreme Court to decide whether or not the state of Texas financed public bringing up in such a way to discriminate against students living in poor domesticate districts.The Supreme Court (1973) held that the Texas arranging does not operate to the peculiar disadvantage of any suspect class. Although such is the case, the Court also held that education is a right which must be do available to all on equal terms (United States Supreme Court USSC, 1973). There be, however, factors to consider before such an equal opportunity for students to exist.While believing that education must be made available to all on equal terms, the United States Supreme Court (1973) also look atd that the history of education since the industrial variety shows a continual struggle between two forces the desire by members of society to have educational opportunity for all children, and the desire of separately f amily to tender the best education it can afford for its own children. The Texas financial system for public schools is a product of the state and local participation (USSC, 1973).Half of the revenues to provide sanctioned education were derived from state-funded programs and each district aids in financing through taxes on properties within the districts jurisdiction. The appellees claim that Texas reliance on local property gross discriminates poor families who reside in districts having low generation of property tax.The United States Supreme Court (1973), however, held that the state of Texas works its system of school finances such that While assuring a basic education for every child in the State, it permits and encourages a large measure of participation in and control of each districts schools at the local level.It was based on the efforts devoted to establishing a means of guaranteeing a minimum statewide educational program without sacrificing the vital element of loca l participation and local control means the freedom to devote more money to the education of ones children (USSC, 1973).There is no doubt that the United States Supreme Court notice that equalizing the the funds between schools in Texas would make opportunity for students equal as well.However, it held that the financial system has already provided the basic educational requirement and does not believe that the state of Texas is not making any efforts to provide such equal opportunity in education for its students. The 1973 decision states thatIn sum, to the extent that the Texas system of school financing resolvings in unequal expenditures between children who happen to reside in different districts, we cannot say that such disparities are the product of a system that is so irrational as to be invidiously discriminatory.Texas has acknowledged its shortcomings and has persistently endeavored not without some success to ameliorate the differences in levels of expenditures without sacrificing the benefits of local participation. TheTexas plan is not the result of hurried, ill-conceived legislation.It certainly is not the product of purposeful discrimination against any group or class. On the contrary, it is rooted in decades of experience in Texas and elsewhere, and in major part is the product of responsible studies by qualified people (USSC, 1973).The United States Supreme Court (1973) believed that the Texas plan for financing public education reflects what galore(postnominal) educators for a half century have thought was an enlightened approach to a problem for which there is no perfect solution in which the justices are unwilling to assume a level of wisdom superior to that of legislators, scholars, and educational authorities in 50 States, especially where the alternatives proposed are only recently conceived and nowhere yet tested.ReferenceUnited States Supreme Court (1973). San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez. 411 US 1

Open Systems Interconnection (Osi) Model Essay

The two most recognized network reference puts be The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model The Department of Defense (DoD) model Without the framework that network models provide, all network hardware and software would have been proprietary. Organizations would have been locked into a single vendors equipment, and global networks like the Internet would have been impractical, if non impossible. Network models are organized into layers, with each layer representing a proper(postnominal) networking function. These functions are controlled by protocols, which are rules that govern end-to-end communication between devices.Protocols on one layer will interact with protocols on the layer above and below it, forming a protocol suite or stack. The TCP/IP suite is the most prevalent protocol suite, and is the foundation of the Internet. A network model is not a physical entity there is no OSI device. Manufacturers do not always strictly adhere to a reference models blueprint, and then not every protocol fits perfectly within a single layer. Some protocols can function across multiple layers. *** All original veridical copyright 2012 by Aaron Balchunas (aaronrouteralley. com), unless otherwise noted.All other material copyright of their respective owners. This material may be copied and used freely, but may not be altered or sold without the expressed written consent of the owner of the above copyright. Updated material may be found at http//www. routeralley. com. OSI computer address Model v1. 21 Aaron Balchunas 2 OSI Reference Model The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and formalized in 1984. It provided the first framework governing how information should be sent across a network.

My Information Technology Job Interests

During my research for this paper I earn learned quite a bit about myself. This assignment forced me to look at what my strengths and preferences ar. joined with the information I have learned about the job market, I know have some direction. This paper will explain what I have chosen. My Information Technology Job Interests As a 42 year old married m early(a) of two, I have recognized that my profession as an Administrative Assistant is no longer sufficient. It is lacking in challenge and financial stability. This is all I have ever worked as since I started college in 1984.I was a Computer Science major that never obtained a Bachelors degree. Working a full time job, usually as an Administrative Assistant, I deduced two things. One was that programming was too time consuming and the second thing was that I really loved electronic computers. Now that I have children preparing for college I know I contain a more acceptable income in order to afford them the type of education th ey will need to succeed in life. The Information Technology field has umpteen different directions you can choose to take. Which direction should I go? First I ask to find out if the IT field would continue to grow.After checking the Career Cluster publication it stated Over 216,000 jobs in Information Support and Services are projected immediately. Expect 21 to 35 percent job growth to 2012. With this forecast it seems the IT Support field is wide open. There are still many types of Information Support and Services positions. Some of these positions include Computer Support Specialist, skilful Support Specialist, and Help Desk Technicians. Computer body forth specialists provide technical assistance, apply, and advice to customers and other users.This occupational group includes technical support specialists and help-desk technicians. These troubleshooters interpret problems and provide technical support for hardware, package, and systems. They answer telephone calls, analyz e problems by using automated symptomatic programs, and re answer recurring difficulties. Support specialists work either within a company that uses computer systems or directly for a computer hardware or software vendor. Increasingly, these specialists work for help-desk or support services firms, for which they provide computer support to clients on a contract basis.Technical support specialists respond to inquiries from their organizations computer users and may run automatic diagnostics programs to resolve problems. They also install, modify, clean, and repair computer hardware and software. In addition, they may write training manuals and train computer users in how to use new computer hardware and software. These workers also oversee the daily performance of their companys computer systems and evaluate how useful software programs are. Help-desk technicians respond to telephone calls and e-mail messages from customers looking for help with computer problems.In responding to th ese inquiries, help-desk technicians must listen carefully to the customer, ask questions to diagnose the nature of the problem, and then patiently walk the customer through the problem-solving steps. Help-desk technicians deal directly with customer issues and companies value them as a source of feedback on their products. They are consulted for information about what gives customers the closely trouble, as well as other customer concerns. Most computer support specialists start out at the help desk.In researching Computer support specials and system administrators I have learned that they normally work in well-lighted, comfortable offices or computer laboratories. They usually work about 40 hours a week, but are sometimes required to provide computer support over extended hours, they may be on call for rotating evening or weekend work. Overtime may be necessary when unexpected technical problems arise. Like other workers who type on a keyboard for long periods, computer support s pecialists and systems administrators are susceptible to eyestrain, back discomfort, and hand and wrist problems such as carpal tunnel syndrome.Computer support specialists and systems administrators constantly interact with customers and fellow employees as they answer questions and give advice. This is why I feel I would well suited for this field. I have always enjoyed fixing things and helping people solve problems. I tend to be very patient and have always enjoyed teaching. And in considering my family and how important my time is with them the normal hours of work per week make Technical Support and Help Desk Technician my top picks for possible careers.ReferenceCareer Cluster Focusing Education on the Future Information Technology http//www.careerclusters.org/resources/ClusterDocuments/itdocuments/brochure.pdf Technology in Action, Introductory 4rd Edition, Author Evans, Martin and Poatsy, Prentice Hall, Bundled ISBN 0536073546 U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Stati stics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Computer Support Specialist and System Administrators http//www.bls.gov/oco/ocos268.htmnature

Raffles Hotel Marketing Communications

Assignment 4 Observation Report A Describe one on-the-job bother of issue encountered and how it was resolved. I first encountered this problem two weeks into my internship with Raffles Hotel Marketing Communications. After my orientation week, it was finally time for me to draw on projects on my own and start communicating with some of the clients and media the surgical incision would follow up from time to time. One of the projects that I was tasked was to prepare the Arabic version of Raffles Hotels fact sheet for the Saudi Arabia sales chafe by that the Director of Sales and Marketing will be doing at the end of the week.This request came in as a last minute project as there were several delays in the process of translation and positioning of the facts and information. In what limited time I had, it does seem that I would not be satisfactory to complete to the fact sheet in time due to the constant delays from the Translation Company and external help that took quite some ti me to get back to me. Time wasnt on my side and I knew I cannot afford to mess up this project. That was when I decided to adopt one of the more values that Raffles Hotel believes in taking ownership of guest requests.Instead of sitting around waiting for things to happen and emails to be replied, I decided that it was time for me to take action and get what needs to be done, done. The issue was eventually resolved after I made personal pillow slips around the hotel, asking for help from colleagues from diverse departments that have knowledge in the Arabic language. I managed to prepare the Arabic fact sheet of Raffles Hotel in time for the Saudi Arabia sales trip and have shown my managers that I am someone they can trust to get things done on time and to the best of my abilities.

Ernest Hemingway Essay

Introduction To be a writer you must need to be passion, but most central feel the passion for what you do. Its not something that grows in one day. Ernest Heming delegacy and Russell Banks were dedicated writer who enjoyed writing. They both wrote around true stories where the readers will feel mark by the story. Proposal Ernest Hemingway and Russell Banks both wrote about abortion, but in huge distinguishable style. As author they have different style in write, and different way to think.In one hand we have Ernest Hemingway with Hill like White Elephants. In this story the theme is abortion, but you have to be carefully to identify the theme, because it is kind of confuse about what the couple were talking the story seems like if the author was tried to hind it. Hemingways typical style is a chat between characters it is continuo he used signal phrase placements in his stories. Also Hemingway used a descriptive language as example the girl stood up and walked to the end of th e station.Across, on the other side, were fields of grain and trees along the banks of the Ebro(275). On the other hand we have Russell Banks with Black Man and White cleaning woman in Dark Green Rowboat. He also wrote about abortion, but he tried to put it a little bit more than dramatic including racism between the couple who were one black and one white. Russell used a more narrative style in his stories, and less communication the readers can see dialogue when the story is unfolds contrary to Hemingway.However Russell used more descriptive language. He emphasized in every detail about the story in the landscape, and in the same way for characters. Russell descriptive by used color as example by the time he closed(a) his door the water was smooth again, dark green plain beneath the thick gray-blue sky(1). Conclusion Each author have a different way to write thats make them unique and distinct from each other, but in most cases authors used the same theme but in different ways and based in they own experiences.

Examining Ethnic Differences in Achievemen Essay

1. The definition of an pagan group is a group of people of the like race or nationality that shargon the same cultural norms and values. 2. Three moods in which the education musical arrangement may encourage separation between children of several(predicate) ethnic backgrounds are Labelling and teacher racism, some(prenominal) teachers mark off their students and studies by interactionist sociologists make up out that many teachers labelled color children as disruptive and they didnt necessity them in their class. A nonher mind is the ethnocentric curriculum.Troyna and Williams describe the curriculum in British schools as ethnocentric because it gives priority to white culture and the English language this causes separation between white pupils and other ethnic pupils. A final primer coat is the occupyion and segregation available to schools. David Gillborn surrounds that marketization has given schools greater scope to select pupils. This puts few ethnic minority pu pils at a disadvantage because selection gives more(prenominal) scope for negative stereotypes to influence decisions about school admissions.3. There are many ways in which factors in childrens home background may lead to differences in achievement levels between ethnic groups. The first way is cultural deprivation this is split into 3 aspects. The first is intellectual and linguistic skills. Cultural deprivation theorists argue that many children from low-income b lose families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences. Bereiter and Engelmann consider the language spoken by low-income bleak American families as inadequate for educational success.The next aspect is attitudes and values. Cultural deprivation theorists say that some black children are brotherlyised into a subculture that instils a fatalistic live for toady attitude that does not value education and leaves them unequipped for success. The final aspect of cultural deprivation is family structure and parental support. Daniel Moynihan argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother, their children are deprived of adequate care because she has to deal financially in the absence of a mannish breadwinner.Also Ken Pryce claims that Asians are higher achievers because their cukture is more resistant to racism and gives them a greater sense of self-worth. However, he argues, black Caribbean culture is less cohesive and less resistant to racism. As a result, many balck pupils have low self-esteem and under-achieve. Another reason is Material deprivation and class. According to Flaherty Pakistanis and East Pakistanis are over three times more likely than whites to be in the poorest fifth of the population, as a result statistics show that Pakistani and Bangladeshi boys are among the lowest ethnic groups in the country to obtain 5 A-C GCSEs.A final reason is racism in wider society. David Mason says difference is a continuing and persistent feature of the experie nce of Britains citizens of minority ethnic origin. 4. The differences in educational attainment between different groups of pupils have been a study focus of much sociological research. These differences can often be seen to be largely collectible to different social class, but also gender or ethnicity. Social class is the most significant and dominating factor when looking at these differences, but ethnicity also has a relative impact on educational achievement.Education has a key role to play in eradicating racism and valuing diversity and it a business for all educational establishments, including those with few or no ethnic minority pupils. Promoting racial equality demands a whole school approach and commitment from all those who are involved in the life and feat of their school. Racism is linked to the educational achievement of minority ethnic groups, however the connections are complex.Gilborn and Mirza conclude that social class and gender differences are also associ ated with differences in attainment but neither can cipher for persistent underlying ethnic inequalities comparing like with like, African Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi pupils do not enjoy equal opportunities. They also argue that in promoting educational inclusion as a actor of raising standards, there is a need for clarity and guidance in translating the commitment to equality and inclusion into policy proposals and practice at the local and school level.Many cultural deprivation theorists see the lack of intellectual and linguistic skills as a major cause of under-achievement. Gordon Bowker identifies their lack of standard English as a major barrier to progress in education and integration into wider society. However the Swann Report found that language was not a major factor in under-achievement. Other cultural deprivation theorists suc as Charles Murray argue that a high rate of lone parenthood and a lack of demonstrable male role models lead to the under-achieveme nt of some minorities.Also Anthony Flew believes that ethnic differences in achievement stem from cultural differences remote the education system, not discrimination within it. However Geoffrey Driver criticises the cultural deprivation theory for ignoring the positive effects of ethnicity on achievement. He shows that the black Caribbean family, far from being dysfunctional, provides girls with positive role models of strong free lance wome Driver argues this is why black girls tend to be more successful in education than black boys.Some socilogists that the ethnic differences in education are cause by racism. John Rex shows how racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and how this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities. In housing, for instance, discrimination means that minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard acoomodation than white people of the same class. This creates separation due to the ethnic children not being able to study at home and t herefore getting degrade grades than the white children who are able to study at home.

Mass Media and National Identity

Gone be the days when the media used to exercise its advocate mainly through the radio and the newspapers. During that period, in that respect was always snip for free reflection on what it means to be an Ameri nookie. Today, the media merely thrusts its views on the viewer in a very powerful way. People ar being exposed to a giganticly expanded power of the media through the incessant telecasting programs, movies and the internet.Like an invader who captures the minds of the weak, the the Statesn media is now in a position from where it locoweed brainwash people into developing a media customized American identicalness. One of the more dominant images being circulated safe now by American media is that to be American is to agree with the American President. All those who disagree are anti-American.Ever since the war on terrorism was launched during the aftermath of September 11, 2001, political leaders have used the media to germ the hearts and minds of Americans towards a new figure of patriotism. The Bush administration has, with the aid of the media, widely propagated that this is the time when America needs to come together and support the President. The message is that unity and support for the President is more springy than having a healthy debate. This communication strategy has garnered a great deal of success in the fall in States as anti-war and anti-Bush policies have become equated with anti-Americanism.National individuation of America was earlier derived from powerful figures of colonial America who imparted their brave visions, power, and energetic optimism to the American tradition. Among them are the explorer and colonial fo below John Smith the religious self-reliance advocate, Quaker, and colonial founder William Penn the great Puritan intellectual Cotton Mather and the astonishing 18th-century polymath Benjamin Franklin. Americans of the early nineteenth century were involved in the great controversy of whether slavery sho uld be abolished or not.They were not panic-stricken to fight wars for their causes and they also ensured that the re human beings achieved astonishing economic growing. Writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Louisa may Alcott helped in the emergence of a mature distinctive American literary and philosophical culture. There were great leaders standardised Franklin Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln who turned America into a great prosperous people of sustained economic growth and they enabled the republic to stretch from ocean to ocean. America flowered as a land of great regeneration with the advent of immigration in the mid-20th century. This was the time America grew to be a global leader and American character was exemplified through distinct American traits found in its great citizens.Some such distinct American traits that became part of American identity were lack of fatalism, energetic approach to problem-solving, faith in economic growth, allegiance to education, devoti on to religious liberty and belief in equality. There were many item-by-items who embodied these American traits. Louisa May Alcott was a volunteer nurse in a Civil War hospital, where she contracted typhoid feverishness and was crippled for life from the mercury used to treat her. But that did not deter her from writing olive-sized Women, a book that was largely successful. Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of self confidence as he invented the Franklin scope to meet the firewood shortage in Philadelphia.Andrew Carnegie was a great industrialist who finally thought it best to focus on a gibberle industry the steel industry. Horace Mann was responsible for the creation of the universal compulsory school model. The Virginia ordinance for Religious Freedom, which Thomas Jefferson drafted in 1786 was the foundation stone for the rise of America as a nation that valued freedom in all aspects of life. Every American shares a matter identity with his buster citizens and he is pro ud to known that values such as optimism, self reliance and belief in equality and justice are all part of this great American identity which has been shaped by a long history of political openness and change, tolerance of conflict, entrepreneurial energy, and cultural mix.The nobility that is enshrined in American national identity is slowing being eroded in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal, race relations, crime, immigration, health care, euthanasia, gun control, and education and the erosion is more intense due to the focus of the media on such issues. Media expert David Domke feels has studied the government activitys post-September 11 communication strategies in the war on terrorism as well as the media response and the impact on U.S. public opinion.After studying media reports and public responses from the period from September 11, 2001, to Bushs address to the nation about Iraq on March 17, 2003, he concluded that government officials h ave consistently emphasized American core values and themes of U.S. strength and unity while concurrently demonizing the enemy (Whitworth Communications, 2003). His conclusion is supported by a study of media coverage and public-opinion polls. Words such as freedom, individualism, mobility, and pragmatism speak to the American spirit. It is through the use of such words that mass media is shaping the national identity on political issues.There are people such as think-tank researchers, interest-group leaders and academic experts who can offer analysis from a neutral platform. They are not people who are likely to sing chorus to the governments song. But Domke and his colleagues have found that such intellectual people fly the coop to get less media attention for the simple reason they are not guaranteed supporters of the government.This finding shows that the media coverage under the blanket of patriotic press coverage, has served to shift the American national identity from one that allows every individual the liberty to have his or her own opinion on political issues to one that supports the standing of a unified nation behind the President of the United States, no matter what decisions he takes.Apart from this negative shift, there are many positive ways in which mass media is helping to shape the national identity of Americans. Hollywood is one of the most influential media in America and has always played a long role in creating a sense of national identity and congratulate. American values such as equality, liberty, love for the nation, freedom of expression, human right are emphasized in many movies.Popular movies such as Pearl Harbor We Were Soldiers The Quiet American Behind Enemy Lines Black Hawk Down Kandahar confirmative Damage In the Bedroom Minority Report and Fahrenheit 9/11 explore and help in shaping American identity with respect to morality, family, nation and globalisation.Television programs such as Apprentice and American Idol showc ase the potential America offers to people with values, talent, skill and willingness to work. They add a sense of pride and positive attitude to the national identity. Sports such as baseball and basketball as shown in the movies and television programs have become American symbols of competitiveness and professionalism.However, television advertisements seem to focus more on peddle a happier home and love-life, improved eating and drinking and appearance, better health, taste and smell, a more agreeable car, etc., etc. thereby polluting the national identity with a craving for materialism and self centeredness.Through the mass media, rice paddy Mouse, Babe Ruth, screwball comedy, G.I. Joe, the blues, The Simpsons, Michael Jackson, the Dallas Cowboys, Gone With the Wind, the Dream Team, Indiana Jones, Catch-22 these names, genres, and phrases from American sports and entertainment have become a powerful tools in sculpting the American identity. Through mass media, unison has al so played a huge role in shaping American identity. The first major composer of wipe outular music with a unequivocally American style was Stephen Foster (1826-1864). Soon the music that was representative of America combined elements of European musical tradition with African-American rhythms and themes.Some of Fosters best songs are Oh Susanna, Camptown Races, Ring the Banjo, Old Folks at Home. Today, the cellular inclusion of African music such as Reggai and rap, Latino rhythms, and the domination of global artists has made American music much more representative of its expanding scope of national identity. However, rock music remains the prevalent pop music of America because it is one genre that can assimilate almost any other kind of music, along with new varieties of outlandish showmanship, into its strong rhythmical framework much as America assimilates several(predicate) cultures and different races into its constitutional framework and national identity.Rangers in the Sequoia National Park report that the huge sequoia monarch trees in the forests, however huge and seemingly strong, one day simply huckster over and crash to the ground because of their weak grow (Sites, 2007). So also the American national identity built through mass media can crash if care is not taken to nourish the roots of that identity. Mass media should focus on the unique American history and resplendent traditions instead of favoring an almost entire obsession with the clamorous present and the dubious lures of the unpredictable future.BibliographyWhitworth Communications (2003). Political Communication Scholar to preface Whitworth Lecture on Challenges to Civil Discourse of Post-9/11 Patriotism. http//www.whitworth.edu/News/2002_2003/Spring/GreatDecisionsDomke.htmSites N. James. Inger A Modern-Day Viking Discovers America. print by Scan-Am Communications. Ashland. http//www.identityindependence.com/ingersites.html

Curriculum And Instruction

Answer the following questions in about 1500 linguistic process total. (i.e. each in 500 words) Q.1. Discuss the importance of course of study military rating. (250 words)SOLUTION Keypoints Definition of platform Meaning of Curriculum Curriculum Evaluation Importance of Curriculum EvaluationDEFINITION OF platformCurriculum is a set of planned and purposeful learning experiences, based on intended learning outcomes and organised around farmment levels of students.Some of the famous definitions are A political platform is a structured series of intended learning outcomes Johnson, 1967A curriculum is an attempt to communicate the essential principles and features of an educational concept in such a form that it is open to critical scrutiny and capable of useful translation into practice. Lawarence Stenhouse, 1975A curriculum is an organised set of formal educational and/or training intentions. David hatt, 1980MEANING OF computer program Curriculum has been defined in many w ays by different learned people. It can be summed up as A schools written courses of study and other curriculum materials. The defeat theme taught to the students.The courses offered in a school, and The totality of planned learning experiences offered to students in a school.In other words we can also say The curriculum is a list of planned learning experiences offered to the students beneath the military commission of the school.CURRICULUM EVALUATIONEvaluation is to judge to what extent the objectives of the curriculum are achieved through implementation of curriculum. This process is undertaken in order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of an existing or an under construction curriculum so that improvements can be made in curriculum design.Evaluation means both assessment of students to find how much of the intended curriculum has been transacted, and also what actually happens in a classroom as experienced by the students when they are compound in learning activiti es. These experiences of the student$ need not be confined to the four walls of a classroom and within the stipulated time frame of a tigid school schedule. These could also include activities which form part of hide curriculum like wearing a school uniform, standing up when the teacher enters the class andIMPORTANCE OF CURRICULUM EVALUATIONCurriculum rating is very important in order to improve student learning and hence the superior of education. The following are the main purposes of curriculum evaluation.1. To develop a new curriculum If we need to develop a new curriculum then it is very important that we evaluate an already existing curriculum and then change it to suit our requirement, as per the need of our system and organisation.2. To review a curriculum under implementation It is very important after implementation of a curriculum to get regular feedbacks on it. If required amendments can be made to it for effective realisation of all the objectives related to it.3. To remove cold wood and update an existing curriculum It is essential to remove obsolete ideas and practices from curriculum and include genuine developments in the curriculum. In order to make objective decisions about inclusion or deletion of content or practices, curriculum evaluation will be very necessary.4. To find out the effectiveness of a curriculum Curriculum evaluation is also necessary to know the effectiveness of a curriculum in terms of the achievement of its immediate as well as long term objectives.Thus, curriculum evaluation can help us take objective decisions on development and implementation of curriculum. Curriculum evaluation will let us know whether the goals and tasks that we have set are actually being achieved or not.

Kinds of Musical Instruments Essay

TrumpetA soprano brass wind instrument consisting of a pine metal thermionic valve looped once and ending in a fl ared bell, the modern type macrocosm equipped with three valves for producing variations in pitch.Tromb 1 A brass instrument consisting of a long cylindrical pipe bent upon itself twice, ending in a bell- cause mouth, and having a movable U-shaped slide for producing different pitches.French HornA valved brass wind instrument that produces a mellow tone from a long narrow tube that is coiled in a circle before ending in a flaring bell.TubaA large, valved, brass wind instrument with a bass pitch. A reed stop in an organ, having eight-foot pitch.EuphoniumA brass wind instrument similar to the tuba plainly having a or so higher pitch and a mellower sound.FlugelhornThe could produce only the natural harmonics fluegelhorn is a valved bugle developed in Ger some. It has a conical bore. The bugle had no valves and hence of the tube.Percussion instrumentsDRUM SETThe first drum sets were put together in the late 1800s sometime after the invention of the bass drum pedal. This invention made it possible for one person to black market several percussion instruments (snare drum, bass drum, and cymbals) at one timeBass DrumThis drum is the largest segment of the set and is played by apply a foot pedal attached to a beater which thus strikes the drum head. This drum produces a low deep sound.Snare DrumThis shallow, cylindrical drum produces a sound that is very distinctive to the drum (higher in pitch than the bass drum). The snares,which are bands of metal wires, are pulled across the bottom head of the drum. This produces a buzzing or snapping sound when the drum is struck using a variety of techniques.BellBells can be made from various materials including clay, glass or metal. It likewise ranges in shape and size. It may be played by lightly shaking it as in hand bells or by striking it using a metal or wooden striker or mallet.Bongo DrumAnother type of drum that is mostly apply in man music is the bongo drum. Bongos are played by striking the fingertips and/or the heel of the hand on the drumhead.CastanetFor some reason I think of chestnuts when I hear the boy castanets. True enough the word castanet was derived from the Spanish word castana meaning chestnuts. Castanets belong to the clapper family of percussion instruments.Conga DrumA conga drum is another type of percussion instrument belonging to the drum family. It is shaped somewhat like a barrel and is played the same way as the bongo drum. Conga as well refers to a form of dance of Afro-Cuban origin. A perfect example is the song Conga by Gloria Estefan.CymbalThe pretender holds the strap attached to each cymbal and brushes it against each other or clash it together. It can either be held horizontally or vertically and played either loudly or softly depending on the music.orchestral bellsGlockenspiels have tuned steel bars or tubes which are struck by the music ian using deuce beaters. The beaters may be made from metal, wood or rubber.GongRemember that show on NBC during the 70s hosted by Chuck Barris? It was called The Gong Show and its an amateur talent show where the bell was sounded to signal that a contestant was eliminated. Read more about the gong.MaracasThe maracas is one of the easiest musical instruments to play you unspoilt need to have a sense of rhythm, timing and a flair for shaking. Maracas are made in various materials including plastic and wood and it ranges from the very simple to the most intricate designs.MetallophoneGenerally, metallophones differ from xylophones because the tuned bars which are struck with a mallet are made of metal, hence the name metallophones. There are many different kinds of metallophones here we will focus on those which are used by Indonesian gamelan orchestras. trilateralThe triangle is another commonly used percussion instrument. The instrument is made by bending a steel rod into a triangl e shape with an opening at one corner. It is suspended by a string and struck with a steel beater to produce a tone. The instrument has been used in Europe since the 14th century.XYLOPHONEThe xylophone is a mallet percussion instrument. It consists of a set of receive wooden bars which are hit with mallets to produce a tone. Xylophones were used in Southeast Asia during the 1300s and dot to Africa, Latin America, and Europe.Woodwind InstrumentsSaxophoneThe saxophone is a member of the reed -sounded wind instruments. In its construction, it combines the maven reed and mouthpiece of the clarinet, a metal body, and a widened version of the conical bore of the oboe.BassoonThe bassoon is a two-baser reed instrument. It is made up of about eight feet of cylidrical wood tubing. There are four joints in the bassoon the bass joint, the tenor join, the double joint, and the bell joint.ClarinetThe clarinet, a member of the woodwind family, usually consists of a long tube with a mouthpiece at one end and a bell-shaped opening at the other end. Usually made of wood, the clarinet has tone holes that are covered by small metal levershautboyThe oboe is the smallest and highest fling double reed instrument. It has a cylindrical wooden body with keys along the continuance of its body.English HornThe English Horn is part of the oboe family. It is also called an alto oboe because it is tuned fifth part lower in pitch than an oboe. Its shape is similar to that of an oboe and is often played by the tierce oboe player in an orchestra.FluteThe flute is the instrument that serves as the soprano voice in most bands, orchestras, and woodwind groups. Most flutes are made of metal and consist chiefly of a tube with a mouthpiece near one end.PiccoloThe piccolo is a type of transverse flute that is pitched an octave above the concert (or standard) flute. It has a range of nearly three octaves and reaches the highest pitches of a modern orchestra. It is usually used for special effec ts in orchestras but is more widely used in concert and marching bandsString InstrumentsViolinThe violin, which is probably the best known orchestral instrument, is a stringed instrument that is played with a bow. The violin is the highest pitched member of the violin family, which also includes the viola, the cello, and the double bass.ViolaThe viola is the second highest pitched member of the violin family. Ithas four strings tuned to the notes c, g, d, and a. Music for the viola is written in the alto clef. Violas substitute in size, although they are always larger and tuned lower than violins.CelloThe cello, also known as violoncello, is a stringed instrument which is part of the violin family. It is played with a bow much like the violin. It is also shaped liked a violin but is much larger. The cello is about four feet long and one and a half feet across at its widest part and, therefore, this member of the violin family is played sitting reduceString BassThe double bass (al so known as the string bass, bass viol, or contrabass) is the largest and terminal pitched string instrument of the violin family. It is usually six feet high and has four strings.