Health care Lecture Essay Example for Free

Health care Lecture Essay Summary Dr. Curtis lecture was one of healthcare and how it relates to his profession, chiropractic medicine. He also hit on health in general and medications. Dr. Curtis started rather quite abruptly with his self helping theories as to what he does as a profession and also what other medical fields are doing to help him become rich, yet keep the healthcare level of the United States down to the lower levels it has been hovering at for years. This may be in direct contradiction to the fact that even though the United States only has three percent of the worlds population, it still consumes more than half of the drugs produced in the world. What does this tell the reader? Dr. Curtis explained that a lot of these drugs are not needed, and in fact have actually hurt the patients. As proof, he stated some startling facts from the American Journal of Medicine and the New England Journal of Medicine, perhaps the two top most medical specific journals in the world. Some of these facts included that one hundred and sox thousand people die every year from properly proscribed drugs. Per year, there are seven thousand medical errors resulting in someone dying. One point five million people have Introgenic diseases, or physician caused diseases. It is estimated that the United States as a whole is spending seventy seven billion dollars a year fixing these problems. These indeed are very troublesome statistics. Dr. Curtis also goes on to explain that the reason why the United States continues to spend excess amounts of money for drugs and procedures they do not need is because of mainly one thing, advertising. Billions of dollars are spent on advertising for drugs every year. Over one hundred and thirty  two dollars were spent last years on advertising alone. Often companies give kickbacks like trips or bonuses to doctors that proscribe a certain number prescriptions of a specific drug. This practice, which should be illegal, is what is known as Off Label Promoting. The United States populace continues to believe advertising of drugs. The advertisements dont tell the truth most of the time. For example, twenty percent of antibiotic prescriptions are useless. What is bad is that when people take unneeded antibiotics, they raise their immunity to them, and they will not work next time, or people will have to up the dosage to get it to work. This is extremely bad for health reasons, considering that if patients were to mix two or more drugs, there is an eighty eight percent change of adverse side effects, even more illness and injury. The Food and Drug Administration Agency is not helping matters either. The practice of rushing promising drugs like Fen-Fen to the market without proper timed tests has added to the health problems of the United States. Dr. Curtis is not saying do not go to the doctor, he is just saying to make sure you are doing the correct thing, which included getting second opinions, and doing your own research on drugs and what they can and cannot really do. Sometimes Doctors can not be trusted because of the one hundred and sixty drugs labeled by the FDA as do not use, people still proscribe them. With only a selection of twenty three out of those one hundred and sixty drugs, there are still one hundred million prescriptions being filled. These are drugs known to do harm, and they are still being prescribed. One must be vigilant in his own healthcare is the message of the day. Reflections At first I didnt even know what Dr. Curtis was a doctor in, however due to time constraints I understand that the normal introduction and background speech has to be cut. I have listened to many doctors speak and lecture, not nearly enough as professors and other professionals of course, but enough to know that normally there is at least five minutes of talking about oneself before the actual lecture begins. Also, he being young did not add to me actually listening to his opinions that well. However, Dr. Curtis did not  give many opinions and his statements were backed up quite well and documented quite nicely as well. He obviously put in the needed time to prepare the lecture. Time constraints not only cut up his lecture, but also his speech pattern as well. Normally lectures should be flowing, his statements were extremely choppy. He states many things that were actually surprising to me. Not the fact of advertising, I already knew that, but I didnt realize the actual statistics of these healthcare problems, and that a lot were caused by those in the healthcare field. His explanations as to how his field fitted into his lecture were actually quite easy to understand. The fact that stress messes up your nervous system, which in turns messes up the rest of you, is basically what he was saying without stating his words verbatim. He explains that even though the United States is third best in the world in what we eat, we still have one of the lowest life expectancies. I enjoyed his explanation as to how posture really controls a lot of health problems. He explains that proper diet, mental attitude, exercise, a non-stressed nervous system, and plenty of rest and relaxation are the keys to keeping the body as self healing as it is designed to do. Overall I enjoyed the lecture and learned quite a lot out of it.

A Literature Review of Association Rules in Mining

A Literature Review of Association Rules in Mining Abstract Mining association rules is an essential job for information discovery. Past transaction data can be analyzed to discover client behaviors such that the superiority of business decision can be improved. The approach of mining association rules focuses on discovering large item sets, which are groups of items that come into view together in a sufficient number of dealings. Association rules are if/then statements that help uncover relationships between seemingly unrelated data in a information repository. In this paper we will show by experimental results the behavior of apriori algorithm. Weshall describes the basic concepts of association rules mining, the basic model of mining association rules. Finally, this paper describes the association rules mining and its techniques. Introduction Association rules mining is an important task in data mining. It is a popular and well researched method for discovering strong associations between variables in large databases. It is intended to discover strong rules between different variables in databases. A large amount of data can easily be analyzed to discover customer purchasing behavior which improve business behavior. The goal of the association rules mining is to identify items that are bought together by sufficiently many customers. The strong relation between different items in the market are existing like the peoples who buy milk also tends to buy bread and eggs in this sentence there is a relation between milk and bread. So association rules are used to identify these relationships between items for the improvement of business behavior. Association rules can be expressed as: R: X==>Y, where: X à ¢Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ I, Y I, and X, it is said that if the item set X occurs in a transaction, then Y will inevitably appears in the transaction. Therefore, X is called a prerequisite for the rule; Y is the result of the rule. Support and Confidence are two different interestingness for measure. Support of an item I is the number of transactions that support (contains) I, and Confidence compares the number of times the pair was purchased to the number of times one of the items in the pair was purchased. In probability terms this is referred to as the conditional probability of the pair. For example, if a supermarket database has 100,000 point-of-sale transactions out of which 2,000 include both items A and B and 800 of these include item C, the association rule If A and B are purchased then the item C is also purchased on the same trip has a support of 800 transactions (alternatively 0.8% = 800/100,000) and a confidence of 40% (=800/2,000). A huge number of association rules can be identified if the database is large. So for minimizing association rules minimum Support and Confidence are considered, both are specified by the user which help us to and valuable rules from database. Association Rule Mining Algorithms A-priori Algorithm Principle of Apriori Algorithm: If an item set is frequent, then all of its subsets must also be frequent. Apriori algorithm is a classical and breadth first search association rules algorithm. This algorithm was first proposed by Agrawal et al in 1993.Apriori algorithm strategy is to separate association rule mining tasks into two steps: First discover frequent item sets, and the second is the Generating of Association rules, it extracts high confidence rules from the frequent item sets. The first step for mining frequent item sets the algorithm will produce a large number of Items; the algorithm will execute K iterations where K is the number of items in the second iteration the algorithm produce some frequent item sets with the first selected frequent item set. After the K iteration the algorithm produce the superset of all frequent items. Here the basic idea of generating frequent item sets is: First step, statistics the frequency of the set with an element, and identify those item sets that is not less than the minimum support, that is, the maximum one-dimensional item sets. Then start the cycle processing from the second step until no more maximum item sets generated. The cycle is: in the first step k, k-dimensional candidate is generated form (k-1) dimensional maximum item sets, and then scans the database to get the candidate item set support, and compare with the minimum support, k-dimensional maximum set is found. The apriori algorithm takes advantage of the fact that any subset of a frequent item set is also a frequent item set, therefore it reduce the number of candidates being considered by only exploring the item sets whose support count is greater than the minimum support count snf all infrequent item set can be pruned if it has an infrequent subsets. Apriorialgorithm is breadth-first algorithm, therefore if the database is too large then it suffer from a number of inefficiencies by creating a large number of subsets. Apriori algorithm uses sets intersections to determine support values. It determines the support values of all (K-1) candidates before counting the K candidates. The dataset may be too large thus the problem is that the resulted frequent item set may be exceeded with main memory and wasting of time to Figure 1: Apriori algorithm Pseudo code. Figure 2: Improved version of Apriori Algorithm Hold a large number of candidate set with much frequent item sets. So to overcome this problem the dataset is partitioned in different chunks and each chunk is treated independently. And then the resulted frequent items are merged with one extra scan. Applications: Basket data analysis, cross-marketing, catalog design, sale campaign analysis, Web log (click stream) analysis, and DNA sequence analysis. 2.1.1. Variation in Apriori Algorithm The limitation of appriori algorithm is improved by the improved version ofappriori algorithm. It is to be defined as: Suppose Ck is the candidate item set of size k, and Lk is the frequent item set of size k in the proposed approach the algorithm is improved by reduce the time consuming for candidates item set generation. Here the algorithm firstly scan all transactions to generate L1 which contains all items, and found their support and transaction ID, and then L1 is used as a helper to generate L2, L3.Lk, then generate C2 by joining L1 * L1 to construct 2-itemset C(x,y) where x,y are the items of C2. Before scanning all transaction records to count the support count of each candidate, use L1 to get the transaction IDs of the minimum support count between x and y, and thus scan for C2 only in these specific transactions. The same thing for C3, construct 3-itemset C (x, y, z), where x, y and z are the items of C3 and use L1 to get the transaction IDs of the minimum support count bet ween x, y and z, then scan for C3 only in these specific transactions and repeat these steps until no new frequent item sets are identified. FP-Growth Algorithm FP-growth algorithm is one of the latest and most efficient algorithms in depth-first algorithm. It allows frequent item sets discovery without candidates item set generation. It is a two step approaches, first build a compact data structure called FP-tree and then extract the frequent item sets directly from the FP-tree. Compared with Apriori Algorithm, FP-growth has the following advantages: To avoid multiple dataset scanning it scan only the dataset twice. It increases space and time efficiency. But its difficulty lies in large and sparse datasets, in the mining processing and recursive computations require considerable space. Applications: Basket data analysis, frequent patterns. Association Rules Applications 3.1. Market Based Data Analysis A typical and widely-used example of association rule mining is market basket analysis. It is a technique that discovers relationships between pairs of products purchased together. The technique can be used to identify the items having strong relationship. The idea behind market basket analysis is simple, simply examine the order of products have been purchased together. For example in market basket analysis the fact might be uncover that if a customer buy milkalso tends to buy breads. So using this information we might organize our store that milk and bread next to each other. For doing market basket analysis there is some couple of measures is used, which is frequency, minimum Support and minimum Confidence, frequency is the number of times two products were purchased together, and minimum Support and Confidence are discussed before. Market Basket Analysis print report about given items, for example if we need to find relationship of Milk with others Bread, Eggs and Cheeses, then market basket analysis print a reports. TheReport consists of the products name, Frequency, Support and Confidence. Market Basket Analysis: Milk Product Frequency Support Confidence Breeds 820 82% 91.1% Cheese 800 80% 23.5% Eggs 750 75% 34% The higher the confidence means that there is a probably of strong relationship between the products. In the above example confidence of Milk and Breads shows that in 91% of transactions Milk and Bread are sold together. 3.2 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Customer Relationship Management is a combination of business process and technology that seeks to understand a companys customers from the perspective of who they are, what they do, and what they are like. Here we are focusing on the CRM of banking sector, which are focused to find the preference of different customer, to provide services to the customer to enhance cohision between customers and the bank. Association rules are used to identify customer preferences and customer behavior. Conclusion Association rules mining are a popular and well researched method for discovering strong associations between variables in large databases. In this paper we have describe Association rules mining which is the important task of data mining. Then we describes techniques for the Association rules which is apriori and FP-growth algorithm, the limitation of apriori algorithm was inefficiency in case of large database by checking all k-1 items, the improve apriorialgorithm overcome this problem by finding transactions ids of every frequent item and then for k+1 set generation used that k-1 table and search only those transactions in which the current item are exist. According to this the efficiency of the algorithm is improved. Then we discuss FP-growth algorithm which is depth first search and fastest algorithm, it uses tree to find frequent item sets. In the last the application of association rules Market basket data analysis and Customer Relationship management are discussed in this pa per. References Mohammed Al-Maolegi, Bassam Arkok Jordon, An improved apriori algorithm for association rules International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC) Vol. 3, No.1, February 2014. Ruowu Zhong and Huiping Wang China Research of Commonly Used Association Rules Mining Algorithm in Data Mining 2012. S. Rao, R. Gupta, Implementing Improved Algorithm Over APRIORI Data Mining Association Rule Algorithm International Journal of Computer Science And Technology, pp. 489-493, Mar. 2012. Jiawei Lian , Michelins Kamber. Data mining: Concepts and Techniques [M]. America: Morgan Kaufman Publishers, 2000. Market basket data analysis http://www.albionresearch.com/market_basket Show-Jane Yen and Arbee L.P. Chen Taiwan An Efficient Data Mining Technique for Discovering Interesting Association Rules2010

Culture and Gender Differences in Communication

Culture and Gender Differences in Communication CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION While studying culture and communication, it is found that gender is an important factor that makes a difference in communication. Using evidences and examples from local and international, highlight and explain those differences. In a wider context, the use of signs and symbols has different meaning in verbal and non-verbal communication. Using examples explain and illustrate the most popular signs and symbols used in communication worldwide and discuss the key differences in their meaning. ‘For men and women, communication can be a very long drive, using different roads most probably to get to the same place.’ Having said that, it would be appropriate to first give a definition of the word communication followed by what gender is all about. Therefore, communication is known as a two-way process involving individuals trying to seek mutual understanding. Initially, it does not involve only the process of exchanging informations, ideas and feelings but also helps to develop and share meaning. It generally connects people or places in society. Communication is an essential key function for the management of individual, be it in the society, in an organisation or at home. Intriguingly, nothing can operate effectively if communication does not prevail as it should. As planned, we have to give a definition of the word gender which is an important factor that creates a gap between males and females. Gender refers to the attitudes, feelings and behaviour that a giv en culture associates with one’s biological sex. We also find it important to delineate culture which is the behaviour and belief of people depending on their particular social, ethnic or age group. Men and women are somehow being introduced to their particular gender roles at a very tender age. For example: â€Å"Little girls talk more indirectly; little boys talk directly. Little girls talk more with words; little boys use more actions.† Also, the differences can clearly be seen among teenagers in college and further at the workplace whereby women have the tendency to ask loads of questions before even starting the work as compared to men who are more prone to simply roll up their sleeves and get on with the work and assume that ladies are somehow worthless. As a matter of fact, these differences reflect in the: Style Content Structure Unique combination of influences on cognitive behavior According to researches, it can be said that men and women communicate differently by adopting distinct speech skills in regards to the situation they are facing, the purposes and the roles they play in society or at work. All these are consequently derived from gender differences emerged from both social and professional settings. Furthermore, gender can also be redefined as a paramount factor affecting communication within an organisation. In point of fact, gender differences are in one way or the other revealed during conflict or even serve as a cataclysm for conflicts while communicating. Generally speaking, women are famous to ‘read between the lines’ while men communicate to build up status. It is unfortunate that most of the times, girls use words to express their feelings, associate themselves emotionally or build rapport whereas men often contribute facts and figures as in a report. In regards to contents, men are more interested in talking about sports, money a nd business while ladies are always busy debating about feelings, relationships and people. Structure-wise, men are precise by directly coming to the point. Unlike women who are more detailed, regretful and animated, men are mostly not descriptive. Surprisingly, gender differences being a threat to the society and installing misunderstanding at work can however be beneficial in a certain way to both environments. The importance of communication maybe noticed in everyday life, for instance, a little connection can have a large impact and influence in one’s life. We all share the same ideas that males grow up learning some essential elements considered as being the center of masculinity such as being successful, aggressive, sexual and self-reliant. Certainly most men individually see life as a competition, therefore it can be put forward that the way they communicate becomes more of a brawl where they have to win. On the other side of the coin, females are taught that appearance is important, showing sensitivity and care is a must and they should anywise expect negative treatment from others. It is believed that ‘through communication with others, we come to understand how society defines masculinity and feminity.â⠂¬â„¢ Let us see how we can proceed accordingly. Most women are conditioned by culture to maintain harmonious relationships with others. That condition is revealed in softened demands, constrained statement and generally more tentative or lack confidence speech. Both men and women differ in the way they manage people and give orders. Many well-known studies have featured the fact that women have the tendency to soften their demands and statements, as compared to men who tend to be more direct. Women for example, use tag lines, phrases like ‘don’t you think’ preceding the presentation of an idea, ‘if you don’t mind’ following a demand or ‘this may be a crazy idea, but’ followed by a suggestion, trying to make their opinions and ideas be accepted and understood by others. As it has been mentioned above, in most cases women tend to ask more questions as compared to men. Indeed, asking, questions have different meanings when it comes to gender differences. Men ask questions for only one reason; to gather information. For women, asking questions have purposes to gather information, but as it can be noticed, women inquest when they already know the answer. The reason behind this is that they want to seek interest in what the other person has to say in order to cultivate the relationship. Moreover, be it in Mauritius or elsewhere, we normally observe that men are more likely to lean towards setting and acquiring goals contrary to women who show more passion for acceptance. Most men are known to act independently which means that they hardly seek advice or help from others while women chose to be in mutual understanding rather than showing unnecessary pride in most situations whereby they take decisions based on their colleagues. In most countries, men tend to expose their respect to their peers in the way the latter communicate opposed to women who show empathy through their actions. Also, women are well-known for their effective listening skills as compared to men. In addition to what has been said above, studies have proven that in Japan, men and women are expected to use different words to make reference to same points as compared to most other countries including Mauritius whereby both genders are supposed to use the same words to deliver a piece of information. Amazingly, it has been noticed that in the Chinese culture, the pitch and pronunciation that men and women use can differ. Men can take longer to express themselves as compared to women overall, of course depending on the topic raised. Similarly to the rest of the world, Chinese men converse more about politics and economy rather than family and education which are dedicated mainly for women. Unlike most Mauritian women, Chinese ones barely engaged themselves in conversation involving love and marriage. We also came to the conclusion that Chinese, Japanese and Indian women are not expected or rather allowed to talk about sensitive topic with strangers, contrary to Americans and Europ eans whether male or female who surely can interact with whoever they want. In Japan, men and women have different ways of communicating. Women in Japan speak more politely as compared to men. The Japanese language features elements that make women’s speech sound polite and feminine. In the meanwhile, men’s speech sound less polite and masculine. The language difference between genders reinforces Japanese social norms. Where women are the subordinates of men. In England modern society, it would therefore appear that women are equal with men. However the harsh reality tells us that women are not provided with an equal opportunity even for discussion, due to the fact that the two sexes respectively command different communication styles. In other words, the language women use is different from the one that men use. For further information, we made some researches and decided to interview a few people in the sole aim to gather unbiased data regarding the main differences that exist between the communication that flows between local men and women. Surely, we were delighted to know that most women in Mauritius are not keen to get themselves involved in conversations with strangers. Adversely, the majority of the local men will not hesitate to start conversing with someone they come across. Men hereby find it easier and comfortable to interact with others opposed to women and we strongly believe that this is due to on the way they have been brought up and develop their personality. In point of fact, this can help in building new relationships. More onwards, we also understood that Mauritian men pay more attention to football and other sport games and women mostly to fashion and make up. There is also another interesting point that we would definitely like to add is that amongst the working class people in Mauritius, women have the tendency to communicate more about the price of food and children and men are happier talking about politics or which cars are available in the market. Also, alike to most countries, women in Mauritius are always engaged in trend of GOSSIPING contradictory to men who most of the time try to escape from it. For a fact, it can be observed that while travelling, we can see many key differences in gender communication around the globe. In terms of couples, we can see that Asian people find it normal to communicate at higher pitch as compared to Americans and Europeans who usually opt to talk at a lower pitch. Typically speaking, most local people whether men or women, they both communicate at high pitch depending on the regions from which they belong and circumstances. Assuredly, gender communication difference is a worldwide issue. Communication between men and women differ in many ways, affecting their speech and outcomes. Nonetheless there are many other differences that can be highlighted in the way men and women communicate but we do believe that the above examples would help you have an idea of people interact with each other on a day to day basis. Without a doubt, gender differences help to resolve conflicts and strengthen healthy relationships. Now we shall give you an insight of the gender differences of both local and international people: GENDER DIFFERENCES MEN (LOCAL INTERNATIONAL) WOMEN (LOCAL INTERNATIONAL) Conversation Report talking (12 500 words/day) Rapport talking (25 500 words/day) Problem-Solving Are problem solvers Desire to understand problems Changing Subjects Tend to focus on the details of fact May mix personal and business talk Requests Tend to seek the respect of their peers Care for the approval of peers Equality Relate to others as rivals Relate to others as equals Managing ups downs Freely offer advice and analysis Tend to ask for help, advice and directions Body Language Desires space Desire closeness, togetherness and affinity Feedback Choose or resolve by force, persuasion or majority rule More concerned with feelings It has been discussed before that woman is more expressive than men. Research has shown that women are more focused on social-emotional interactions with others. Men and women tend to cope with stress and difficulties differently. Gray, 1992 stated that men cope with stress by drawing themselves from the conversation while women cope by reaching out and talking about the cause of the stress. Gray coined the phrase, ‘Men go to their caves and women talk.’ This is why; women in average speak about 25,500 words in a day and men in average speak about 12,500 words a day. Thusly it can be added that both gender should keenly comprehend each other in purpose to avoid misunderstandings and conflicts.

The Immigrants in Breath, Eyes, Memory :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Immigrants   Breath, Eyes, Memory  Ã‚      Having to move to another country is not an east task because you are leaving behind everyone that you know since you are a little kid. Sophie was experiencing this because now she must drop everything and jump in a plane to reunited with her mother which she only have heard her voice. Haiti and Tante Atie was all Sophie knew, the freedom that she had to run around or just play with kids from across the street while the hot sun is kicking in. Tante Atie for Sophie was the mother that she always wanted; a mother that would wait for her outside when she returned from school or a mother that would tell her stories when she couldn't fall asleep. This will soon change when one-day plane tickets arrive and everything that was familiar to her was no longer there. Sophie was now in a new country with a mother that was also new to her. She now most learn English and at the same time maintain a fluent Creole. But the most difficult thing is to get use to New York and her new surroundings because you no longer can be running around in the street and your parents are working day and night. There is no more freedom until you become an American (meaning more independent an liberal) in from of your mother eyes. I can relate to this novel a lot because I came to this country when I was eleven years old and I had to leave my grand parents, my father and my friends behind for a new life with my mother. It was a big change because I no longer could go outside and play baseball with my friends instead I most stay in and play Nintendo. I couldn't speak with some people in my school because I did not speak English nor did I understand the language. I had to work hard to understand and speak English, I used to always go to McDonalds and order the food, this was a way for me to practice or volunteer to go to the deans office to drop or to pick up something. At the beginning was hard but my friends were supportive but there were times when people try to put me down because of my heavy accent, at that point I wanted to loss my accent but I learn that my accent is part of who I am.

A Review of Eaters of the Dead :: Free Essay Writer

Eaters of the Dead Almost everybody recognizes Michael Crichton as the author of books such as Jurassic Park, Disclosure, and Congo. Considering he is one of the hottest authors in Hollywood, how could you not. The book reviewed here, however, is none of the above; it is a more or less forgotten book called Eaters of the Dead. As with all of his older books, it has been reprinted recently so it is easy to find. This book is written more like a scholarly work rather than like a novel, yet it definitely tells a story, one which many of the readers will recognize as Beowulf. It is told from the point of view of Ibn Fadlon, a representative of the Caliph of Baghdad. He then gets caught up with a band of northmen. The band, led by one Buliwyf, is on a mission to help defend King Rothgar from some evil which is spreading across his land. Doesn=t that sound compelling? What makes this book so different is the way in which the tale is offered. Ibn Fadlan is a Muslim and gives the distinct impression that he does not approve of the lifestyle of the Northmen, yet he tells his story (actually he is giving a report to the Caliph) with great detail. He tells of the Northmen's ways, relating what impresses him as well as what disgusts him. His very first impression of the Norsemen comes as he observes how they deal with a newly dead king. His description of the mourning period and funeral provices the reader his first experience with the Northmen's way of life. How wonderful! Throughout the book, Crichton uses footnotes to help the reader understand what is going on, and to give the impression that this a paper rather than a novel. As mentioned above, the story is a familiar one but told in such a different way as to make it a much more interesting story then the original. This book may be different and original which helps but, it is absolutely HORRIFIC! I had no idea what was happening.

General Overview Of Solid Waste Management Environmental Sciences Essay

As clarified in the introductory portion of this survey, Solid Waste Management is defined as the aggregation, transit, processing or intervention, recycling or disposal and eventually monitoring of waste stuffs. The term is normally related to the stuffs produced by assorted activities undertaken by worlds and is by and large carried out to cut down their negative effects on their wellness, environment and aesthetics. Waste direction is besides undertaken to retrieve resources for farther commercial or economic benefits. Waste direction can affect the managing of solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive waste stuffs, and for which there are assorted methods and Fieldss of expertness for each type. As the topic of this research suggests, we will be concentrating on the direction of solid waste merely. Waste direction patterns differ for developed and developing states, for urban and rural countries, and for residential and industrial manufacturers. Management for non-hazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan countries around the universe, is normally the duty of the local authorities governments, while direction for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is normally the premier duty of the manufacturer. Waste is an ineluctable byproduct of most human activity. Economic development and lifting life criterions in the Asiatic and Pacific Region have led to an addition in the measure and complexness of generated waste, while industrial variegation and the proviso of expanded health-care installations have added significant measures of industrial risky waste and biomedical waste into the waste watercourse which will potentially hold terrible environmental and human wellness effects. In the undermentioned paragraphs, we will be discoursing the coevals and types of turning volume of solid waste, which poses formidable challenges to the universe.TYPES OF WASTE & A ; THEIR DIFFERENTIATIONGENERATION AND CHARACTERISTICSA clear grasp of the measures and features of the waste being generated is a cardinal constituent in the development of strong and cost-efficient solid waste direction schemes. In some of the more developed states, the quantification and word picture of waste signifiers the foot ing for direction and intercession, while in the underdeveloped universe small precedence is given to the systematic surveying of waste coevals and direction and future tendencies of waste coevals are ill understood. Although there is a deficiency of comprehensive or consistent information, at the state degree, some wide tendencies and common elements are evident while discoursing the coevals and types of solid waste. In general, the developed states generate much higher measures of waste per capita compared to the developing states of the part. However, in certain fortunes the direction of even little measures of waste poses a important challenge. For illustration, in the little islands of the South Pacific sub part, little populations and modest economic activity have ensured that comparatively low measures of waste are generated. However, many of these states, peculiarly little states such as Kiribati, Tuvalu and the Marshall Islands, face considerable waste direction challenges due to their little land countries and attendant deficiency of disposal options. Throughout the universe, the chief beginnings of solid waste are residential families and the agricultural, commercial, building, industrial and institutional sectors. For the intents of this survey, these beginnings are defined as giving rise to four major classs of waste: municipal solid waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, hospital waste and risky waste. Each of these waste types is examined individually below.Municipal Solid WasteMunicipal solid waste ( MSW ) is generated from families, offices, hotels, stores, schools and such other establishments. The major constituents are nutrient waste, paper, plastic, shreds, metal and glass. Although destruction and building dust is frequently included in gathered waste, as are besides little measures of risky waste, such as electric visible radiation bulbs, batteries, automotive parts and discarded medical specialties and chemicals. Coevals rates for MSW vary from metropolis to metropolis and from season to season and have a strong correlativity with degrees of economic development and activity. High-income states ( such as Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, China, Republic of Korea, and Singapore ) produce between 1.1 and 5.0 kg/capita/ twenty-four hours ; middle-income states ( such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand ) generate between 0.52 and 1.0 kg/capita/day, whilst low-income states ( such as Bangladesh, India, Viet Nam, Pakistan and Myanmar ) have coevals rates of between 0.45 and 0.89 kg/capita/ twenty-four hours. Taken as a whole, the Asian and Pacific Region presently produces some 1.5 million dozenss of MSW each twenty-four hours and this is expected to more than double by 2025 ( World Bank, 1999 ) . The sum of human fecal matters in the MSW is important in chunky countries of many Asiatic and Pacific metropoliss where â€Å" wrap and throw † sanitation is practiced or bucket latrines are emptied into waste containers. The latter is common in many metropoliss ( such as Calcutta, Dhaka and Hanoi ) of the part where there are minimum or uneffective sewage systems.Industrial Solid WasteIndustrial solid waste in the Asiatic and Pacific Region, as elsewhere, encompasses a broad scope of stuffs of changing environmental toxicity. Typically this scope would include paper, packaging stuffs, waste from nutrient processing, oils, dissolvers, rosins, pigments and sludge, glass, ceramics, rocks, metals, plastics, gum elastic, leather, wood, fabric, straw and abradants. As with municipal solid waste, due to the absence of a regularly up-dated and systematic database on industrial solid waste, the exact rates of coevals are mostly unknown. Industrial solid waste coevals varies, non merely between states at different phases of development but besides between developing states. In People ‘s Republic of China, for illustration, the coevals ratio of municipal to industrial solid waste is one to three. In Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan, nevertheless, this ratio is much lower. In high-income, developed states, such as Australia and Japan, the ratio is one to eight. However, based on an mean ratio for the Asian and Pacific part, the industrial solid waste coevals is tantamount to 1,900 million dozenss per annum. This sum is expected to increase well and at the current growing rates, it is estimated that it will duplicate in less than 20 old ages. As the bing industrial solid waste aggregation, processing and disposal systems of many states are gro ssly unequal ; such incremental growing will present really serious challenges.Agricultural Waste and ResiduesExpanding agricultural production has of course resulted in increased measures of farm animal waste, agricultural harvest residues and agro-industrial byproducts. Among the states in the Asiatic and Pacific Region, People ‘s Republic of China produces the largest measures of agribusiness waste and harvest residues followed by India. In People ‘s Republic of China, some 587 million dozenss of residues are generated yearly from the production of rice, maize and wheat entirely. In Pakistan, approximately 56.22 million dozenss of different harvest residues are generated yearly, of which 12.46 million dozenss originate from cotton, 2.90 million dozenss from corn, 12.87 million dozenss from sugar cane, 8.16 million dozenss from rice and 19.83 million dozenss from wheat. In add-on, Pakistan produces other wastes amounting to some 28 million dozenss of which 58 % are car nal waste, 40 % is sugarcane bagasse and the staying 2 % comprises a mix of jute, mustard chaffs, benne sticks, Castor seed chaffs, sunflower chaffs and baccy chaffs ( ESCAP 1997 ) .Hospital/ Hazardous WasteHospital waste is generated during the diagnosing, intervention, or immunisation of human existences or animate beings or in research activities in these Fieldss or in the production or testing of biological stuffs. It may include wastes like solid waste, disposables, anatomical waste, civilizations, discarded medical specialties and chemical wastes. These are in the signifier of disposable panpipes, swabs, patchs, organic structure fluids and human body waste. This waste is extremely infective and can be a serious menace to human wellness if non managed in a scientific and discriminate mode. It has been approximately estimated that of the 4 kilogram of waste generated in a infirmary at least 1 kilograms would be infected. In Punjab, Pakistan, 75 dozenss of clinical waste is produced daily. The rate of coevals per bed per twenty-four hours is 1.8 kilogram. There are 35 infirmaries in Lahore, which generate 6 dozenss of clinical waste daily. Most risky waste is the byproduct of a wide spectrum of industrial, agricultural and fabrication procedures, atomic constitutions, infirmaries and health-care installations. Chiefly, high-volume generators of industrial risky waste are the chemical, petrochemical, crude oil, metals, wood intervention, mush and paper, leather, fabrics and energy production workss ( coal-burning and atomic power workss and crude oil production workss ) . The chief types of risky waste generated in the Asiatic and Pacific Region, include waste dissolvers, Cl bearing waste and pesticideorganophosphate-herbicide-urea-fungicide bearing waste. In peculiar, dissolvers are extensively used and, as a effect, big measures of waste dissolvers are produced.Table: Beginnings of solid wastes, typical waste generators and types of solid waste generated( Adapted from Pakistan State of the Environment Report 2005, bill of exchange, p. 113 )METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTEThere are a assortment of ways in which solid waste can be disposed off. Following are some of the methods of solid waste disposal.Figure: The Solid Waste Management HierarchyBeginning: Waste Hierarchy: Who ‘s on Top in the Game of Trash? By Raquel Fagan1. LandfillA landfill, besides called a shit or a rubbish shit is a site for the concluding disposal of waste stuffs by burial and is the oldest and most widespread signifier of waste intervention. Historically, landfills have been the most common methods of organized waste disposal and remain so in many topographic points around the universe. Landfills may include both the waste disposal sites around metropoliss ( where a manufacturer of waste carries out their ain waste disposal at the topographic point of production ) and every bit good as sites used by many manufacturers. Many landfills are besides used for other waste direction intents, such as the impermanent storage, consolidation and transportation, or processing of waste stuff ( screening, intervention, or recycling ) . Disposing of waste in a landfill involves the burial of waste and they are frequently established or located in abandoned or fresh big ditches, mining nothingnesss or tunnel cavities. A decently designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and comparatively cheap method of disposing of waste stuffs. Older or ill designed and managed landfills can make a figure of unfavourable environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter, attractive force of plagues, and coevals of liquid leachate. Another common by-product of landfills is gas ( largely composed of methane and C dioxide ) , which is produced when organic waste interruptions down anaerobically. This gas can make stench jobs, kill surface works life, and is a nursery gas.Figure: A Landfill in ActionBeginning: RE3.org ( Posters ) , Reduce, Reuse, RecycleThe design features of a modern landfill should include steps to incorporate leachate such as a dirt or plastic liner stuff. Deposited waste is usually compressed to increase i ts denseness and stableness, and is covered to forestall pulling plagues ( such as mice or rats ) . Many landfills besides have gas extraction systems fixed to take the gas produced in the waste. Gas is so pumped out of the landfill utilizing pierced pipes and flared off or fire in a gas engine to bring forth electricity.2. IncinerationIncineration is another waste disposal method which involves the combustion of waste stuff. Incineration and similar other high temperature waste intervention systems are sometimes described as â€Å" thermic intervention † methods. Incinerators convert waste stuffs into heat, gas, steam, and ash. Incineration is undertaken both on a private graduated table by persons and on a big graduated table by industries. It is used to dispose of all types of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is recognized as rather a utile method of disposing of certain risky waste stuffs ( such as biological medical waste ) . Incineration can be a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emanation of gaseous pollutants. Incineration is common in states such as Japan where land is non openly available, as these installations by and large do non necessitate as much country as landfills. Waste-to-energy ( WtE ) or energy-from-waste ( EfW ) are wide footings for installations that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to bring forth heat, steam and/or electricity. Combustion in an incinerator is non ever perfect and there have been concerns about micro-pollutants in gaseous emanations from incinerator tonss. Particular concern has focused on some really relentless organics such as dioxins, furans, PAHs ( poly aromatic hydrocarbons ) that may be created within the incinerator and afterwards in the incinerator plume, which may hold serious environmental effects in the country instantly around the incinerator. On the other manus, this method or the more benign anaerobiotic digestion produces heat that can be used as energy.Figure: Basic layout of a province of the art municipal solid waste incineration worksBe ginning: vonRoll Inova: Grate burning systems. Zurich.3. CompostingCompost is an organic stuff which is a combination of decomposed workss and carnal stuffs and other organic stuffs that are being decomposed mostly through aerophilic decomposition into a rich black dirt. The procedure of composting is simple and practiced in private by persons in their places, agriculturally by husbandmans on their lands and industrially by industries and metropoliss. Compost dirt is really rich and is used for many intents. A few of the topographic points that it is used are in gardens, landscape gardening, gardening and agribusiness. The compost of dirt itself is good for the land in many ways, including as dirt conditioner, as fertiliser to add critical humus or humic acids, and as a natural pesticide. In ecosystems, compost dirt is utile for eroding control, land and watercourse renewal, wetland building and as landfill screen. As concern about landfill infinite additions, world-wide involvement in recycling by agencies of composting is turning, since it is a procedure for change overing analyzable organic stuffs into utile stable merchandises.4. Plasma GasificationPlasma is a extremely electrically charged gas. An illustration in nature is lightning, capable of bring forthing temperatures transcending 12,600A A °F ( 6,980A A °C ) . A gasifier vas utilizes proprietary plasma torches runing at +10,000A A °F ( 5,540A A °C ) ( the surface temperature of the Sun ) in order to make a gasification zone of up to 3,000A A °F ( 1,650A A °C ) to change over solid or liquid wastes into a syngas ( Alliance Federated Energy, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.afeservices.com/tech_what.php ) . Syngas ( from synthesis gas ) is the name given to a gas mixture that contains changing sums of C monoxide and H. When municipal solid waste is subjected to this utmost heat within the vas, the waste ‘s molecular bonds break down into basic constituents. The procedure therefore consequences in riddance of waste and risky stuffs. Plasma gasification offers states new chances for waste disposal, and more significantly for renewable power coevals in an environmentally sustainable mode.THE MODEL FOR INTEGRATED SWMThe Model for the Integrated Solid Waste Management has been presented by research workers, Joe E. Heimlich, Kerry L. Hughes and Ann D. Christy at the Ohio State University, USA, as portion of its Community Development Initiative.Figure: The Integrated SWM ModelBeginning: Community Development Initiative, Ohio State University, USAThe scheme behind the development of this theoretical account is to place the degree or degrees at which the highest values of single and corporate stuffs can be recovered. No individual solution wholly answers the inquiry of what to make with our waste. Every community or part has its ain alone profile of solid waste. The composing of solid waste besides varies, depending on diverse variables such as urbanisation, commercial endeavors, fabrication and service sector activities. Similarly the attitudes of people in different parts of any state vary sing waste direction patterns. This is frequently referred to as Waste Management Ethics and includes the recycling ethic and litter moral principle of a community as subcategories. Community diverseness and waste diverseness are the two chief grounds why no individual method of waste disposal has been accepted as the best method. However, all communities besides have the same options to blow disposal as good. For this ground, the Integrated Waste Management starts with decrease ( utilizing less ) and recycling more, thereby salvaging stuff production, resource cost and energy. At the underside of the list, lies the Landfill, which is the ultimate method of Waste Disposal around the universe.THE THREE R ‘SREDUCE: Conserving resources and environment by cut downing the measure of waste that is produced. Reducing the waste coevals is the most desirable waste direction method as it does off with the demand to manage, conveyance, recycle, or disposal of waste in the first topographic point. REUSE: Reconditioning unwanted manufactured merchandises. Largely carried out by scavengers in developing states. It fundamentally means utilizing a merchandise more than one time, either for the same intent or for a different 1. For illustration, utilizing lasting java mugs, towels, serviettes, replenishing bottles etc. RECYCLE: Recovering and recycling stuffs by assorted interventions. Mostly paper and Sns. It includes recycling of organic wastes to do new or similar merchandises but excludes recovery of energy from waste stuffs

Death and Dying in Hinduism and Buddhism

Death and Dying- Customs and Rituals Hinduism and Buddhism Religious and cultural beliefs play a significant role in the processes of death and dying. These beliefs have created rituals that provide a conceptual framework for understanding the experience of death. Cultures across the world have different, unique rituals surrounding death and dying. This can be proven by comparing Hinduism and Buddhism. Their pre-death rituals, burial rites and concepts of afterlife are very different. Hindus and Buddhists have diverse pre-death rituals. When death is imminent, Hindus are brought home to die.They are placed in either their room or the entryway of their house with their head facing east. A lamp is lit near their head, and the person is encouraged to focus on their mantra. The Hinduism religion states that a mantra is a word repeated during mediation. Family members sing hymns, pray and read scripture for the dying person. When Buddhists are dying, it is up to their family to keep them positive. Loved ones must free themselves of disturbing emotion. It is their responsibility to help the dying person accept death as a natural and inevitable part of life.Hindus rituals are scripted, religious and self-dependant while Buddhist’s rituals are low-maintenance and mostly dependant on family members. In conclusion, Hinduism and Buddhism are very different in regards to pre-death rituals. Hinduism beliefs about the afterlife vary significantly from Buddhism beliefs. Hindus believe that humans go through a never-ending cycle of birth and death. Hindus believe in karma. Karma is â€Å"action, seen as bringing upon oneself inevitable results, good or bad, either in this life or in a reincarnation: in Hinduism one of the means of reaching Brahman† (Collins English Dictionary, Web).Buddhists believe that every soul is reborn until it has been cleansed. In Buddhism, the goal is to achieve Nirvana. Nirvana is â€Å"freedom from the endless cycle of personal reinca rnations, with their consequent suffering, as a result of the extinction of individual passion, hatred, and delusion. † (Collins English Dictionary, Web). Superficially, these two rituals seem similar, but differences can be found on a deeper level. Hinduism is a never-ending cycle, while Buddhism can be escaped. The biggest difference between Hinduism and Buddhism is their burial rites. Hindu families prepare heir deceased with oil and herbs. The body is carried on a wooden frame to a publically designated cremation site where mourners chant mantras. After the body has been cremated, bits of bone and ash that remain are collected and strewn into the Holy River. Ten days after the cremation, family members offer ten pindas to the river to feed the spirit of the deceased on its travels to the next incarnation. Buddhists hold simple, solemn funerals. They believe it is unnecessary to spend a lot of money on traditional ceremonies. During the viewing, an altar is set up in front of the casket.Mourners can place offerings such as fruit, flowers and candles on the altar. Images of the Buddha and deceased person are placed in front of the altar. These religions are different because Hindus burials are elaborate and expensive, while Buddhists burials are simple, practical and inexpensive. Burial rites reveal how different Hinduism and Buddhism are. Hinduism and Buddhism have very different pre-death rituals, concepts of afterlife and burial rites. This proves that all religions have a unique set of traditions surrounding death and dying. These traditions help shape religion and create a diverse society.Bibliography Hitchcock, Susan Tyler. Geography of Religion: Where God Lives, Where Pilgrims Walk. Washington DC: National Geographic Society, 2004. Print. Berhad, Koperasi Buddhisme Malaysia. A Guide to a Proper Buddhist Funeral. Sea Park: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc, 2000. Print. Collins English Dictionary. â€Å"Karma. † Dictionary Reference. 2009. HarperCo Publishers. March 6, 2013 < http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/karma> Collins English Dictionary. â€Å"Nirvana. † Dictionary Reference. 2009. HarperCo Publishers. March 6, 2013 < http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/nirvana>