Colonoscope System to Avoid Loop Formation

Colono stretch System to Avoid Loop organic lawEnclosed is my newbornlys report of Final communicate pertaining to Design of new system proposed for a Procedure of Colonoscopy to overcome a Looping Problem.Various factors have been discussed and approximately approaches have been utilized throughout this report and have found this eye socket as full on interest, though cl archaean likewise one of the most mandatory for practical life. Working on this bea has tremendously increased my knowledge.These days Colonoscopy is a subject which is point of interest for every organization, especially for those who are having an immense research in this study related to innovation and enhancement and companies which mainly deals in medical examination Equipment Technologies and various processes.There are Designing and Electrical area which are set in Colonoscopy Equipment to the Development of Electrical System which contains a deep level of area linked to Electrical Technology. Thus , reflecting the current cling to of product/services among the consumers or how the value bear be increased and also its scientific developmentMany research firms are working globally related to development and innovation of Colonoscopy and are and also in that respect are some companies which have the statistical data and are providing useful in defining for technical people so they are see and mart their business accordingly and specially those areas which are a single-valued function of Colonoscopy technology.Influencing the ways that people act in their daily utilization lives is an anxiety for researchers in a number of disciplinary areas, including consumer Behaviour psychology, development, innovation, health research and marketing.The particular context of the low-income consumer is one that is starting to emerge in the consumer and marketing policy literary productions as one of splendour, particularly in terms of ensuring that these consumers get their basic needs met in their marketplace interactions.However, at that place is stillness limited knowledge approximately the Colonoscopy patterns of low level of technical people mean they have less knowledge about Colonoscopy and in particular thither are very a couple of(prenominal) studies that have readd attempts to influence or modify lower knowledge for those technical people which dont have sufficient knowledge for this domain.Report is composed of different areas, for a better idea the report is organized of areas which are descried as under.Necessary requirements of a reportBasic entranceway of a Colonoscopy and its current turn, with some concepts of its medical exam application are conditions which are compulsory before any colonoscopy procedure or its applicationIdea of a new equipment, modelling and designing methodology in order to get proper idea pertaining to new designed procedureNew product development procedure and approach, so once the procedure is designed a new equip ment is produced what entrust be the activities related to costing factors, technical implementations, commercialization strategies etc.Conclusion and ReferencesThis project is about the interface and a system which ordain help doctors and physicians to perform successful colonoscopy procedure without facing any draw ining caper, if any problem occurs system go away help to make problem. There are some New Product Development areas which are also discussed in this report. Various aspects of Colonoscopy and its modelling has been discussed in this report and some introduction material is also applied to apply a defining light related to various conceptsColonoscopeColonoscopy is the endoscopic examination of the large bowel and the distal part of the exquisite bowel with a CCD camera or a fiber optic camera on a flexible thermionic valve passed through the anus. It dissolve provide a visual diagnosis the opportunity for biopsy or removal of suspected colorectal crabby person lesions. 1Figure 1 Gilo, Colonoscope, Im succession adapted from Wikimedia.org, 2009Colonoscopy Colonoscopy is a procedure which helps doctor to examine the lining of the entire rectum and colon by using the endoscope having a camera with one of its end. Colonoscopy may be through with(p) for the following(a) purposesBlood in the StoolAnemiaAbdominal PainAreas of Inflammation that may indicate ulcerative colitisHelps to obtain biopsy tissue for examination cite of Invasive crabmeatChanges in Bowels Habits, such as cons touchation or diarrheaComplete removal of large polypRecheck the colon following mathematical process for Colon CancerFigure 2 Colonoscopy Preparation, Image adapted from Ameri behind Gastroenterological association, April 2013Colonoscopy may be done for a variety of reasons, most of the time it is done to find out the cause of blood in the stool, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and change in bowel habit or an abnormality found on colonic X rays or a Computed axial t omography scan. 2Individuals having previous history of polyps or colon cancer and certain individuals with a family history of some types of non-colonic cancers or colonic problems that may be associated with colonic cancer may be advised to have periodic colonoscopies because their risks are greater for polyps or colon cancer. 2How a great deal should one undergo colonoscopy depends on the degree of the risks and the abnormalities found at previous colonoscopies. It has been recommended that even healthy people at normal risk for colon cancer should undergo colonoscopy at age 50 and every 10 years thereafter, for the purpose of removing colonic polyps before they become cancerous. 2Figure 3 Steven, Mark, Colon Cancer and Polyp Image adapted from Colonoscopy Preparation ProcessThe process of colonoscopy includes the intubation of a Colonoscope from the anus via the colon to the cecum. Throughout a comprehensive colonoscopy procedure, the insertion blastoff is inserted into the an us past pushed through the rectum, sigmoid colon, descending colon, transverse colon, and ascending colon through to the cecum. 3At present to perform the Colonoscopy there are two methods which are acquirable and they are known as two Person and One Person Colonoscopy Procedure. 3In the one-person colonoscopy, the physician performs the inspection alone, managing the angulation bloodsheds and valves with one hand and inserting or convoluted the shaft with the other hand. In one-person colonoscopy, the physician customs the right hand to insert the scope and control the taste of the distal end of the scope with the left hand. Thus, the one-person method typically creates a better coordination of the two operations during the procedure. 3In the two-person colonoscopy, a physician and an assistant perform the two-person colonoscopy, i.e., the physician controls the orientation of the scope, and the assistant pulls and pushes the Colonoscope according to the physicians command. 3 By contrast, in the two-person method, an assistant pushes or pulls the scope while the physicians control the scope orientation. In the latter method, good coordination often is onerous to achieve. 3As a result, the two-person method often creates more procedure-induced abdominal pains than does the one-person method. 3Figure 4 Cole, Chrissie, Colonoscopy Procedure, Image adapted from Colonoscopy Cancer masking Procedure, October out front having a colonoscopy, doctor must be aware if patient has any special medical conditions. few of the conditions are mentioned as under 4PregnancyLung conditions tenderheartedness conditionsAllergies to any medicationsDiabetes or take drugs that may affect blood clotting. Adjustments to these medications may be required before the procedure.Some patients also needs to antibiotics before the colonoscopy. Some of the examples are described as under 4Have an artificial heart valveHave ever been told you need to take antibiotics before a dental or surgical procedureIn recent times a little amount of work has been done on colonoscopy device and little advancement has been do but still there is a problem which is common to colonoscopy device and i.e. Loop Information in colonoscopy when procedure is applied.Figure 5 Tudor, Alex, Loop Formation in Colonoscopy, Image adapted from Fundamentals Diagnostic Colonoscopy, JuneMost commonly, we speak of a difficult colonoscopy being one in which it was challenging or not possible to reach the cecum. Others might be inclined to measure difficulty based on the duration of time required, or the amount of physical act involved or even the discomfort the patient experiences. 5For the expert colonoscopies, a difficult colonoscopy might be one in which it is challenging to diligently examine each fold upon withdrawal. For the purposes of this discussion, we will confine ourselves to viewing the difficult colonoscopy as one in which the endoscopies struggles or fails to reach the cecum. 5Figu re 6 Steele, R.J.C, Perforation of the Bowel by Colonoscopy, linked Kingdom, Image adapted from How I do it ColonoscopyResearch ObjectiveWhen we analyze different colonoscopy available in the market then we realize that there are various colonoscopy procedures which has introduced in market and are adapted for medical examinations as well.Some of the types which are introduced in medical sector are mentioned as underVariable Stiffness ColonoscopeOver tube ColonoscopeCapsule EndoscopeSelf Propelled EndoscopeVirtual ColonoscopyAer O ScopeNeo Guide Endoscopy SystemImage maneuver ColonoscopyIn this project we have mentioned new proposed equipment which is added in a Colonoscope device and will be utilized in a procedure of colonoscopy and certain small equipment has also been added with Colonoscope which helps to overcome the loop problem associated with the Colonoscopy Procedure at present.Reason of a Loop FormationThe actual reason of a loop formation is self-locking mechanism, it occurs when Colonoscope and Colon comes in contact two sound outs occurs which is Stick State and Slip State.Slip state occurs when tangential force is greater than the limit of silent friction force, this friction force can be determined by the multiplication of dynamic frictional coefficient and normal applied force to the point.Stick state is the displacement of two contact points when both of them are equal to zero. This stick state usually occurs in sigmoid colon.Self-locking mechanism generally occurs when ride force angle is less than the friction angle and this state is known as stick state.So far to avoid loop formation the principle has been shown up but there is no such equipment which can support this principle.In further part of this report we will be discussing what equipment and design can help to avoid the problem and support the idea which has been generated.Figure 13 Colon Perforation, Image adapted fromMedical Demonstrative Evidence, USA 1999Idea genesis/C onceptAfter analyzing various concepts and types of colonoscopy procedures available in medical field it has been observed that loop formation is a very vast and common problem available in this area which created problem for doctor to perform the procedure.To overcome this problem equipment is suggested in this report which will be a best hold back for the current principle of colonoscopy that helps to overcome the circulate error and problem.The suggested equipment here will be compound with the Colonoscope and will help measuring the force angle and also compares it with the friction angle so if the driving force will be greater than the friction force the loop formation will be avoided.Benefits of the new corporate equipment are described as underAdvanced Indication of Loop formationRun Time MechanismForces and Parameters in an display panel so Doctors can be informed during procedureSmooth ProcedureBasic Idea in a tote Diagram (Flowchart 1)Modelling of a New SystemThere a re various stages outlined below but first we will start with the Block diagram of this new model.Block Diagram of a System (Flowchart 2)Explanation of a Model/SystemModel discussed above consist of various sensors and devices which will help physicians to use a system which will give result as a Loop free Colonoscope procedure.Colonoscopy Force Monitor CFM is a device that continuous measures, displays and stores the information. It is a preferent method to screen for colorectal cancer.Figure 14 CFM Device, Image adapted from Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, USA 2014It is a handheld force-measuring attachment mounted on the Colonoscope shaft that provides a physician with a real-time feedback on the force and torque applied during colonoscopy.The CFM is designed to improve training of people which operated endoscopy and establish best practices for do colonoscopy by quantitative characterization of expert skill.Control UnitControl unit plays a vital role to avoid loop formation. It h as two knobs i.e. foreman A and Knob B and both of them are controlled by Doctor. When doctor controls the knob the Tip gets particular orientation.Here we will use both Models which were proposed by Wubin Cheng. His first Model was to give the information to Doctor about the contact force and position on tip in the colon so if there is any chance for the self-locking to occur so doctors should get warning in advance through the display system.Second model describes relation mingled with two knobs and the tip in order to compute the tip orientation information.Interface through a Block Diagram (Flowchart 3)ResultBy applying this new system Medical doctor will be able to identify current situation of a colonoscopy procedure. If there will be any loop problem or a self-locking mechanism will occur then doctor will be able to overcome it because information will be coming from CFM which is connected outside human body and doctor will be able to see force exerted to the tip of insert ion tube and if it is not correct so they will be change the orientation of the tip.System Flow in case of Loop Formation (Flowchart 4)It will be a web based application which will be showing different informationThere will be a live observe of a procedure so doctors will be able to examine the procedure on run timeInterface will be integrated to the CFM which will be providing the information of torque and force so if there will be an extra torque or force that doctors will be applying then they will receive a message on interface that Loop formation can occurInterface will be integrated to the Knob which will be receiving the message of the Tip of the orientation so if there will be any requirement for the change of the orientation of the tip then doctors will be able to change it. For the change of orientation doctors will able receive a message on the live inteferacemilitary rating of a Model Here we will be doing evaluation of a proposed model of this project. The parameters defining the model as a Good or a Bad model is taken from Zhang Lin FCBPSS modelling presentation.Validity Upon receiving the information over a display panel of a CFM if doctors follow the procedure as per defined over a display panel so process can be performed smoothly and validity of a system will remain as designed i.e. output will be accomplished in a perfect way.Utility Information coming from CFM will be accurate it will be dependent of medical staff on how they actually perform a process. Otherwise, it will be a perfect utility to give required output.Reliability Process applied on a same patient multiple times in regular interval for a particular day, the results will always be obtained as same.Comprehensiveness Colonoscope is only required to be integrated with different companies of display panel or control unit, this is only area for the comprehensiveness. The system will be designed in such a way the integration will remain uniform whenever it combines with any other device. substitute of use (Usability) it will be a user friendly device uses will be designed as easy for the use of staff.Product Screening and BenefitsSince the new proposed system will be capable to overcome many problems which were occurring in past therefore this will be a top welfare of the new designed procedure.There is a huge market present for users which will be able to use this new design procedure, currently there is a big market which are in need to use the process of a colonoscopy but they are unable to utilize it because of a looping problem. There are many medical facilities round the world which are looking to utilize the best procedure of a Colonoscopy.There are some facts and figures which have been mentioned in a website related to Colorectal Cancer and that describes requirement of this product in a market with desperate measures630,000 deaths evaluateHighest rates in Japan, Korea and Asia in generalRisks increase with age, with 90% of cases being people over 50Screening reduces mortality since it can detect cancer at early stage. 5 year increases to 90% from 64%Many countries are adopting screening programs for people over 50Current tests available FOBT ( faecal occult blood test), sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy, barium enema 6Expected Market SizeThe new procedure of a colonoscopy will be able to capture a huge market size. Globally a gigantic level of market is available for this device by making this new technology with software integration will be able to huge market immensely.Routine colorectal cancer screening is something that tens of millions in the United States go through every few years. After the age of 50 patients are encouraged to have a colonoscopy every 5-10 years. Between these colonoscopies, they can use non-invasive tests that can sometimes determine the presence of cancer or even pre cancers. 7Currently, there are three main types of tests that are used Fecal occult blood tests (FOBT), Fecal immunochemical tests (FIT) , and stool DNA tests (sDNA). 7Of these three, fecal occult blood tests are used the most frequently probably because they are quite cheap (The number of virtual colonoscopy procedures performed in the United States is judge to increase through 2014. Growth in the over-50-years-of-age demographic will drive procedure volumes in this market. In addition, public awareness of colon cancer and the importance of early detection are encouraging people to receive regular screenings. 9As the number of virtual colonoscopy procedures increases, the market for virtual colonoscopy software is also expected to increase, with companies such as General Electric (GE) leading the change. However, prices are estimated to decrease as competition within the virtual colonoscopy software market intensifies. 9But as inconvenient as it is, CRC screening saves lives. A little over 50,000 US patients die of this disease each year, making it the second deadliest cancer in the United States. About 20-40% of patients are diagnosed with the disease in the later stages, when surgical removal is not curative. However, the majority of screens that catch polyps will find them while they are still adenomas. Adenomas are typically asymptomatic, meaning that patients would not have been able to detect them without a colonoscopy. 10Figure 7 Herrick, Devon, Colonoscopy Market, Image adapted fromThe Emerging Market for Medical CareConcept Development of a ProcedureConcept development of this new equipment initiates from the new features which will be embedded in it. For example CFM, software Integration and Run Time information of a Loop Formation during a Colonoscopy so the Doctor can be informed and necessary actions can be taken in order to make it a perfect Colonoscopy Procedure.CharacteristicsBenefitsSoftware IntegrationRun Time or consist InformationLive DisplayParameters showing up on Display Panel for correct forces or torquesLoop Formation AlertsEarly indication of Loop formation in cas e of extra force etc.Table 1 Product Benefits, Type of Table adap